563 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
563 lines
14 KiB
Plaintext
{
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"cells": [
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "2ffe347c",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"# Julia Dokumentation\n",
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"\n",
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"[https://docs.julialang.org/](https://docs.julialang.org/) die offizielle Dokumentation\n",
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"\n",
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"Einige Seiten mit Übersichten:\n",
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"\n",
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" - [https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/base/punctuation/](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/base/punctuation/) Verzeichnis der Symbole\n",
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" - [https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/unicode-input/](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/unicode-input/) Verzeichnis spezieller Unicode-Symbole und deren Eingabe in Julia via Tab-Vervollständigung\n",
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" - [https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/mathematical-operations/#Rounding-functions](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/mathematical-operations/#Rounding-functions) Liste mathematischer Funktionen \n",
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"\n",
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"---------\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"# Hilfe und praktische Tipps\n",
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"\n",
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"----\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"## Julia REPL (Read - Eval - Print - Loop)\n",
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"\n",
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"Start von Julia in einem Terminal:\n",
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"```\n",
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"julia>\n",
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"```\n",
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"\n",
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"| Kommando | Wirkung |\n",
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"| :----------------------------| :------------------------ |\n",
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"| `exit()` oder `Ctrl-d` | exit Julia |\n",
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"| `Ctrl-c` | interrupt |\n",
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"| `Ctrl-l` | clear screen |\n",
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"| Kommando mit `;` beenden | Ausgabe unterdrückt |\n",
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"| `include(\"filename.jl\")` | Datei mit Julia-Code einlesen und ausführen |\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"-----\n",
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"\n",
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"Der REPL hat verschiedene Modi: \n",
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"\n",
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"| Modus | Prompt | Modus starten | Modus verlassen |\n",
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"| :- | :- | :- | :- |\n",
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"|||||\n",
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"| default| `julia>` | | |\n",
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"|||||\n",
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"| Package manager | `pkg>` | `]` | `backspace` |\n",
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"|||||\n",
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"| Help | `help?>` | `?`| `backspace `|\n",
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"|||||\n",
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"|Shell | `shell>` | `;` | `backspace`|\n",
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"|||||\n",
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"\n",
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"--------\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"## Jupyter notebooks (IJulia)\n",
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"\n",
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"Die Modi sind als Einzeiler in einer eigenen Input-Zelle nutzbar: \n",
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"\n",
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"(i) ein Kommando des Paket-Managers:\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "d6c200e5",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"] status "
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "9caf3630",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"(ii) eine Help-Abfrage:\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "c923aa16",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"?sin"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "bfc75d15",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"(iii) Ein Shell-Kommando:\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "3617aff8",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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";ls .."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "bdce3ab2",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## Der Paket-Manager\n",
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"\n",
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"- Über 7000 Pakete, siehe [https://julialang.org/packages/](https://julialang.org/packages/)\n",
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"- Bevor sie mit `using Module` verwendet werden können, müssen sie heruntergeladen und installiert werden.\n",
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"- Dazu dient der `package manager`\n",
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"- 2 Betriebsarten: \n",
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" - als normale Julia-Anweisungen, die auch in einer `.jl`-Programmdatei stehen können:\n",
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" ```\n",
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" using Pkg\n",
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" Pkg.add(\"TollesPaket\")\n",
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" ```\n",
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" - im speziellen pkg-Modus des Julia-REPLs:\n",
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" ```\n",
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" ] add TollesPaket\n",
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" ```\n",
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"----- \n",
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"\n",
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"### Einige Funktionen\n",
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"\n",
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"| Funktion | `pkg` - Mode | Erklärung |\n",
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"|:------------------------|:----------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------|\n",
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"| `Pkg.add(\"MyPack\")` | `pkg> add MyPack` | add `MyPack.jl` to current environment |\n",
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"| `Pkg.rm(\"MyPack\")` | `pkg> remove MyPack` | remove `MyPack.jl` from current environment |\n",
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"| `Pkg.update()` | `pkg> update` | update packages in current environment |\n",
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"| `Pkg.activate(\"mydir\")` | `pkg> activate mydir` | activate directory as current environment |\n",
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"| `Pkg.status()` | `pkg> status` | list packages |\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"### Installierte Pakete und Environments \n",
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"\n",
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"- Julia und der Paketmanager verwalten \n",
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" 1. eine Liste der mit dem Kommando `Pkg.add()` bzw. `]add` explizit installierten Pakete mit genauer Versionsbezeichnung in einer Datei `Project.toml` und \n",
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" 2. eine Liste aller dabei auch als implizite Abhängigkeiten installierten Pakete in der Datei `Manifest.toml`. \n",
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"- Das Verzeichnis, in dem diese Dateien stehen, ist das `environment` und wird mit `Pkg.status()` bzw. `]status` angezeigt. \n",
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"- Im Normalfall sieht das so aus: \n",
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"```\n",
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"(@v1.7) pkg> status\n",
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" Status `~/.julia/environments/v1.7/Project.toml`\n",
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" [1dea7af3] OrdinaryDiffEq v6.7.1\n",
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" [91a5bcdd] Plots v1.27.1\n",
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" [438e738f] PyCall v1.93.1\n",
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"```\n",
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"- Man kann für verschiedene Projekte eigene `environments` benutzen. Dazu kann man entweder Julia mit \n",
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"```\n",
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"julia --project=path/to/myproject\n",
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"```\n",
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"starten oder in Julia das environment mit `Pkg.activate(\"path/to/myproject\")` aktivieren. Dann werden `Project.toml, Manifest.toml` dort angelegt und verwaltet. (Die Installation der Paketdateien erfolgt weiterhin irgendwo unter `$HOME/.julia`) \n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"### Zum Installieren von Paketen auf unserem Jupyter-Server `misun103`:\n",
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"- Es gibt ein zentrales Repository, in dem alle von mir erwähnten Pakete bereits installiert sind. \n",
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"- Dort haben Sie keine Schreibrechte.\n",
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"- Sie können aber zusätzliche Pakete in Ihrem `Home` installieren. Dazu ist als erster Befehl nötig, das aktuelle Verzeichnis zu aktivieren: \n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "103bd8a1",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"] activate ."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "077e93f2",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"(Man beachte den Punkt!)\n",
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"\n",
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"----\n",
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"\n",
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"Danach können Sie mit `add` im Pkg-Modus auch Pakete installieren:\n",
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"\n",
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"```\n",
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"] add TollesPaket\n",
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"```\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"Achtung! Das kann dauern! Viele Pakete haben komplexe Abhängigkeiten und lösen die Installation von weiteren Paketen aus. Viele Pakete werden beim Installieren vorkompiliert. Im REPL sieht man den Installationsfortschritt, im Jupyter-Notebook nicht.\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"## Eingebaute Hilfe und Informationen\n",
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"Mit `?` und der `Tab`-Taste kommt man oft weiter. \n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"### weitere Hilfe: `@which`, `fieldnames()`, `methods()`, `names()`, `pwd()`\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "4f099673",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# Die Zuordnung zu einem Modul zeigt @which an:\n",
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"\n",
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"@which(sqrt)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "44276c0d",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# Die Komponenten einer struct oder eines anderen zusammengesetzten Typs:\n",
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"\n",
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"fieldnames(Rational)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "a200a34f",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"fieldnames(Complex)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "d99bfda9",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# alle Methoden einer Funktion\n",
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"\n",
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"methods(sqrt)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "b3e6f127",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# alle Methoden einer Funktion bei bestimmten Argumenttypen. Die Argumenttypen müssen als Tupel angegeben werden\n",
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"\n",
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"methods(sqrt, (Number,)) # Komma nötig für 1-elementiges Tupel "
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "e74572ad",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# für einen Typ gibt methods() alle Konstruktoren aus\n",
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"\n",
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"methods(Int64)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "e4de6078",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# names(Module) gibt alle von einem Modul exportierte Namen aus. \n",
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"# genau wie auch\n",
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"#\n",
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"# ?Module \n",
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"#\n",
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"# funktioniert es erst, wenn das Modul mit 'using Module' geladen ist.\n",
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"# Oft ist es besser, wenn die using-Anweisung in einer eigenen Zelle steht.\n",
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"\n",
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"using Plots"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "f1df8377",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"names(Plots)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "3654fab2",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# Julia kürzt den interaktiven Output. \n",
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"# ein explizites print() zeigt alles:\n",
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"\n",
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"print(names(Plots))"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "dc9ca3b6",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# eine andere Möglichkeit der Ausgabe mit Überlänge in Jupyter\n",
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"\n",
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"show(stdout, MIME(\"text/plain\"), names(Plots))"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "9fa0f216",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# pwd() \"print working directory\" zeigt, in welchem Verzeichnis Julia gerade operiert. \n",
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"#\n",
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"# Wichtig für die Ein/Ausgabe mit Dateien, z.B. include()\n",
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"\n",
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"pwd()"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "99c19918",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"include(\"Jupyter.jl\") # Datei mit Julia-Code einlesen und abarbeiten"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "1464d951",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## Informationen zu Typen\n",
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"\n",
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"### `subtypes()`, `supertypes()`, `typemax()`, `typemin()`, `fieldnames()`, `Base.return_types()`, `dump()`\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "1358c363",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"subtypes(Real) # die letzten zwei sind durch das 'using Plots' dazugekommen"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "e35fb7da",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"supertypes(Real)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "53be4687",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"typemax(Int64), typemin(Int64), fieldnames(Complex)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "3a9ed940",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"Base.return_types(sqrt, (Float64,))"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "207af4bd",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"Base.return_types(sqrt, (Complex{Int64},))"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "66b42304",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# dump() zeigt alle Teile eines zusammengesetzten Objekts\n",
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"\n",
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"x = 3//4 + 75im\n",
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"dump(x)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"id": "9c6edfea",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## Der Julia JIT _(just in time)_ Compiler\n",
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"\n",
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"Julia baut auf die Werkzeuge des _LLVM Compiler Infrastructure Projects_ auf.\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"Stages of Compilation \n",
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"\n",
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"| stage & result | introspection command |\n",
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"| :--- | :--- |\n",
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"|Parse ==> Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) | `Meta.parse()` |\n",
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"| Lowering: transform AST ==> Static Single Assignment (SSA) form | `@code_lowered`|\n",
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"| Type Inference | `@code_warntype`, `@code_typed` |\n",
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"| Generate LLVM intermediate representation | `@code_llvm`|\n",
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"| Generate native machine code | `@code_native` |\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "4d433ab8",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"function f(x,y)\n",
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" z = x^2 + log(y)\n",
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" return 2z\n",
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"end"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "de444d8a",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"p = Meta.parse( \"function f(x,y); z=x^2+log(y); return 2x; end \")"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "1ddf17aa",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"using TreeView"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "70d267d7",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"walk_tree(p)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"id": "b19b64ec",
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"metadata": {},
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|
"outputs": [],
|
|
"source": [
|
|
"@code_lowered f(2,4)"
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"cell_type": "code",
|
|
"execution_count": null,
|
|
"id": "57eb03f9",
|
|
"metadata": {},
|
|
"outputs": [],
|
|
"source": [
|
|
"@code_warntype f(2,4)"
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"cell_type": "code",
|
|
"execution_count": null,
|
|
"id": "cf273a25",
|
|
"metadata": {},
|
|
"outputs": [],
|
|
"source": [
|
|
"@code_typed f(2,4)"
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"cell_type": "code",
|
|
"execution_count": null,
|
|
"id": "28779f6b",
|
|
"metadata": {},
|
|
"outputs": [],
|
|
"source": [
|
|
"@code_llvm f(2,4)"
|
|
]
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"cell_type": "code",
|
|
"execution_count": null,
|
|
"id": "02711d1f",
|
|
"metadata": {},
|
|
"outputs": [],
|
|
"source": [
|
|
"@code_native f(2,4)"
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
],
|
|
"metadata": {
|
|
"kernelspec": {
|
|
"display_name": "Julia 1.8.5",
|
|
"language": "julia",
|
|
"name": "julia-1.8"
|
|
},
|
|
"language_info": {
|
|
"file_extension": ".jl",
|
|
"mimetype": "application/julia",
|
|
"name": "julia",
|
|
"version": "1.8.5"
|
|
}
|
|
},
|
|
"nbformat": 4,
|
|
"nbformat_minor": 5
|
|
}
|