1873 lines
68 KiB
TeX
1873 lines
68 KiB
TeX
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% AUTHOR: Raj Dahya
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%% CREATED: 9. März 2020
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%% EDITED: 9. März 2020
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%% TYPE: Notizen
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%% TITLE: Musterlösung Klausur1 WiSe 2020/2021, A6
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%% DOI: —
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%% DEPARTMENT: Fakultät for Mathematik und Informatik
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%% INSTITUTE: Universität Leipzig
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% DOCUMENT STRUCTURE:
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%% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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%%
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%% - root.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- parameters.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- srclocal/index.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- src/setup-type.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- src/setup-packages.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- src/setup-parameters.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- src/setup-macros.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- src/setup-environments.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- src/setup-layout.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- srclocal/setup-locallayout.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- srclocal/setup-localmacros.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- body/index.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- body/A6.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- body/A6a.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- body/A6b.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- body/A6c.tex;
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%% |
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%% ---- body/A6d.tex;
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%%
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%% DOCUMENT-RANDOM-SEED: 5637845
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% FILE: root.tex
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% FILE: parameters.tex
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% FILE: srclocal/index.tex
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%% ********************************************************************************
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\makeatletter
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% FILE: src/setup-type.tex
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%% ********************************************************************************
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\documentclass[
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10pt,
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a4paper,
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oneside,
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openright,
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center,
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chapterbib,
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crosshair,
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fleqn,
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headcount,
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headline,
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indent,
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indentfirst=false,
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portrait,
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phonetic,
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oldernstyle,
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onecolumn,
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sfbold,
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upper,
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]{scrbook}
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% FILE: src/setup-packages.tex
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%% ********************************************************************************
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\PassOptionsToPackage{T2A,OT1}{fontenc} % T1,OT1,T2A,OT2
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\PassOptionsToPackage{utf8}{inputenc} % utf8
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\PassOptionsToPackage{british,english,ngerman,russian}{babel}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{
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english,
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ngerman,
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russian,
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capitalise,
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}{cleveref}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{
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bookmarks=true,
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bookmarksopen=false,
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bookmarksopenlevel=0,
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bookmarkstype=toc,
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colorlinks=false,
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raiselinks=true,
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hyperfigures=true,
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}{hyperref}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{
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reset,
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left=1in,
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right=1in,
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top=20mm,
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bottom=20mm,
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heightrounded,
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}{geometry}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{
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framemethod=TikZ,
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}{mdframed}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{normalem}{ulem}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{
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amsmath,
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thmmarks,
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}{ntheorem}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{table}{xcolor}
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\PassOptionsToPackage{
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all,
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color,
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curve,
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frame,
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import,
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knot,
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line,
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movie,
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rotate,
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textures,
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tile,
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tips,
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web,
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xdvi,
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}{xy}
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\usepackage{amsfonts}
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\usepackage{amsmath}
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\usepackage{amssymb}
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\usepackage{ntheorem} % <— muss nach den ams* Packages vorkommen!!
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\usepackage{array}
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\usepackage{babel}
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\usepackage{bbding}
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\usepackage{bbm}
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\usepackage{calc}
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\usepackage{sectsty}
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\usepackage{titlesec}
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\usepackage{fancyhdr}
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\usepackage{footmisc}
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\usepackage{geometry}
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\usepackage{graphicx}
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\usepackage{ifpdf}
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\usepackage{ifthen}
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\usepackage{ifnextok}
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\usepackage{longtable}
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\usepackage{multicol}
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\usepackage{multirow}
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\usepackage{nameref}
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\usepackage{nowtoaux}
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\usepackage{paralist}
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\usepackage{enumerate} %% nach [paralist]
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\usepackage{pgf}
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\usepackage{arydshln} %% nach [pgf!]
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\usepackage{pgfplots}
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\usepackage{proof}
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\usepackage{refcount}
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\usepackage{relsize}
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\usepackage{savesym}
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\usepackage{stmaryrd}
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\usepackage{subfigure}
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\usepackage{yfonts} %% <— Altgotische Fonts
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\usepackage{tikz}
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\usepackage{xy}
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\usepackage{undertilde}
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\usepackage{ulem} %% <– f\"ur besseren \underline-Befehl (\ul)
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\usepackage{xcolor}
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\usepackage{xspace}
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\usepackage{xstring}
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\usepackage{hyperref}
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\usepackage{cleveref} % must vor hyperref geladen werden.
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\pgfplotsset{compat=newest}
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\usetikzlibrary{
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angles,
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arrows,
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automata,
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calc,
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decorations,
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decorations.pathmorphing,
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decorations.pathreplacing,
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math,
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positioning,
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patterns,
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quotes,
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snakes,
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}
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%% \var ≈ alter Befehl
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%% \xvar ≈ wie das neue Package \var interpretieren soll.
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\savesymbol{Diamond}
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\savesymbol{emptyset}
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\savesymbol{ggg}
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\savesymbol{int}
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\savesymbol{lll}
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\savesymbol{RectangleBold}
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\savesymbol{langle}
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\savesymbol{rangle}
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\savesymbol{hookrightarrow}
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\savesymbol{hookleftarrow}
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\savesymbol{Asterisk}
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\usepackage{mathabx}
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\usepackage{wasysym}
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\let\varemptyset=\emptyset
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\restoresymbol{x}{Diamond}
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\restoresymbol{x}{emptyset}
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\restoresymbol{x}{ggg}
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\restoresymbol{x}{int}
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\restoresymbol{x}{lll}
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\restoresymbol{x}{RectangleBold}
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\restoresymbol{x}{langle}
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\restoresymbol{x}{rangle}
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\restoresymbol{x}{hookrightarrow}
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\restoresymbol{x}{hookleftarrow}
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\restoresymbol{x}{Asterisk}
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\ifpdf
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\usepackage{pdfcolmk}
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\fi
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\usepackage{mdframed}
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%% Force-Import aus MnSymbol
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\DeclareFontFamily{U}{MnSymbolA}{}
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\DeclareFontShape{U}{MnSymbolA}{m}{n}{
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<-6> MnSymbolA5
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<6-7> MnSymbolA6
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<7-8> MnSymbolA7
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<8-9> MnSymbolA8
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<9-10> MnSymbolA9
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<10-12> MnSymbolA10
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<12-> MnSymbolA12
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}{}
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\DeclareFontShape{U}{MnSymbolA}{b}{n}{
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<-6> MnSymbolA-Bold5
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<6-7> MnSymbolA-Bold6
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<7-8> MnSymbolA-Bold7
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<8-9> MnSymbolA-Bold8
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<9-10> MnSymbolA-Bold9
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<10-12> MnSymbolA-Bold10
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<12-> MnSymbolA-Bold12
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}{}
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\DeclareSymbolFont{MnSyA}{U}{MnSymbolA}{m}{n}
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\DeclareMathSymbol{\lcirclearrowright}{\mathrel}{MnSyA}{252}
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\DeclareMathSymbol{\lcirclearrowdown}{\mathrel}{MnSyA}{255}
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\DeclareMathSymbol{\rcirclearrowleft}{\mathrel}{MnSyA}{250}
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\DeclareMathSymbol{\rcirclearrowdown}{\mathrel}{MnSyA}{251}
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\DeclareFontFamily{U}{MnSymbolC}{}
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\DeclareSymbolFont{MnSyC}{U}{MnSymbolC}{m}{n}
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\DeclareFontShape{U}{MnSymbolC}{m}{n}{
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<-6> MnSymbolC5
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<6-7> MnSymbolC6
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<7-8> MnSymbolC7
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<8-9> MnSymbolC8
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<9-10> MnSymbolC9
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<10-12> MnSymbolC10
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<12-> MnSymbolC12%
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}{}
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\DeclareMathSymbol{\powerset}{\mathord}{MnSyC}{180}
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% FILE: src/setup-parameters.tex
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%% ********************************************************************************
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\def\boolwahr{true}
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\def\boolfalsch{false}
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\def\boolleer{}
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\let\documenttwosided\boolfalsch
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\let\boolinappendix\boolfalsch
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\let\boolinmdframed\boolfalsch
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\let\eqtagset\boolfalsch
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\let\eqtaglabel\boolleer
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\let\eqtagsymb\boolleer
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\newcount\bufferctr
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\newcount\bufferreplace
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\newcounter{columnanzahl}
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\newlength\rtab
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\newlength\gesamtlinkerRand
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\newlength\gesamtrechterRand
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\newlength\ownspaceabovethm
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\newlength\ownspacebelowthm
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\setlength{\rtab}{0.025\textwidth}
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\setlength{\ownspaceabovethm}{0.5\baselineskip}
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\setlength{\ownspacebelowthm}{0.5\baselineskip}
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\setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{0pt}
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\setlength{\gesamtrechterRand}{0pt}
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\def\secnumberingpt{$\cdot$}
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\def\secnumberingseppt{.}
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\def\subsecnumberingseppt{}
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\def\thmnumberingpt{$\cdot$}
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\def\thmnumberingseppt{}
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\def\thmForceSepPt{.}
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\definecolor{leer}{gray}{1}
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\definecolor{hellgrau}{gray}{0.85}
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\definecolor{dunkelgrau}{gray}{0.5}
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\definecolor{maroon}{rgb}{0.6901961,0.1882353,0.3764706}
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\definecolor{dunkelgruen}{rgb}{0.015625,0.363281,0.109375}
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\definecolor{dunkelrot}{rgb}{0.5450980392,0,0}
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\definecolor{dunkelblau}{rgb}{0,0,0.5450980392}
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\definecolor{blau}{rgb}{0,0,1}
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\definecolor{newresult}{rgb}{0.6,0.6,0.6}
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\definecolor{improvedresult}{rgb}{0.9,0.9,0.9}
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\definecolor{hervorheben}{rgb}{0,0.9,0.7}
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\definecolor{starkesblau}{rgb}{0.1019607843,0.3176470588,0.8156862745}
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\definecolor{achtung}{rgb}{1,0.5,0.5}
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\definecolor{frage}{rgb}{0.5,1,0.5}
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\definecolor{schreibweise}{rgb}{0,0.7,0.9}
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\definecolor{axiom}{rgb}{0,0.3,0.3}
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% FILE: src/setup-macros.tex
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%% ********************************************************************************
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%% ****************************************************************
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%% TEX:
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%% ****************************************************************
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|
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\def\let@name#1#2{\expandafter\let\csname #1\expandafter\endcsname\csname #2\endcsname\relax}
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\DeclareRobustCommand\crfamily{\fontfamily{ccr}\selectfont}
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\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcr}{\crfamily}
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\def\nichtzeigen#1{\phantom{#1}}
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%% ****************************************************************
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%% SPACING:
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%% ****************************************************************
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|
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\def\ifthenelseleer#1#2#3{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{#2}{#1#3}}
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\def\bedingtesspaceexpand#1#2#3{\ifthenelseleer{\csname #1\endcsname}{#3}{#2#3}}
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\def\voritemise{\leavevmode\nvraum{1}}
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|
\def\hraum{\null\hfill\null}
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\def\vraum{\null\vfill\null}
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\def\nvraum{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\nvraum@c}{\nvraum@bes}}
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\def\nvraum@c#1{\vspace*{-#1\baselineskip}}
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\def\nvraum@bes{\vspace*{-\baselineskip}}
|
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\def\erlaubeplatz{\relax\ifmmode\else\@\xspace\fi}
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\def\entferneplatz{\relax\ifmmode\else\expandafter\@gobble\fi}
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\def\forceindent{\hspace*{20pt}} %% * nötig, damit am Anfang/Ende einer Zeile nicht ignoriert wird
|
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|
|
|||
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%% ****************************************************************
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|||
|
%% TAGS / BEZEICHNUNGEN / LABELLING:
|
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%% ****************************************************************
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|
|
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\def\send@toaux#1{\@bsphack\protected@write\@auxout{}{\string#1}\@esphack}
|
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|
|
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%% \rlabel{LABEL}[CTR]{CREF-SHORT}{CREF-LONG}{DISPLAYTEXT}
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\def\rlabel#1[#2]#3#4#5{#5\rlabel@aux{#1}[#2]{#3}{#4}{#5}}
|
|||
|
\def\rlabel@aux#1[#2]#3#4#5{%
|
|||
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\send@toaux{\newlabel{#1}{{\@currentlabel}{\thepage}{{\unexpanded{#5}}}{#2.\csname the#2\endcsname}{}}}\relax%
|
|||
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}
|
|||
|
|
|||
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%% \tag@rawscheme{CREF-SHORT}{CREF-LONG}[CTR]{LEFT-BRKT}{RIGHT-BRKT} [LABEL]{DISPLAYTEXT}
|
|||
|
\def\tag@rawscheme#1#2[#3]#4#5{\@ifnextchar[{\tag@rawscheme@{#1}{#2}[#3]{#4}{#5}}{\tag@rawscheme@{#1}{#2}[#3]{#4}{#5}[*]}}
|
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|
\def\tag@rawscheme@#1#2[#3]#4#5[#6]{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\tag@rawscheme@@{#1}{#2}[#3]{#4}{#5}[#6]}{\tag@rawscheme@@{#1}{#2}[#3]{#4}{#5}[#6]{}}}
|
|||
|
\def\tag@rawscheme@@#1#2[#3]#4#5[#6]#7{%
|
|||
|
\ifthenelse{\equal{#6}{*}}{%
|
|||
|
\ifthenelse{\equal{#7}{\boolleer}}{\refstepcounter{#3}#4\csname the#3\endcsname#5}{#4#7#5}%
|
|||
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}{%
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|||
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\refstepcounter{#3}#4%
|
|||
|
\ifthenelse{\equal{#7}{\boolleer}}{\rlabel{#6}[#3]{#1}{#2}{\csname the#3\endcsname}}{\rlabel{#6}[#3]{#1}{#2}{#7}}%
|
|||
|
#5%
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
%% \tag@scheme{CREF-SHORT}{CREF-LONG}[CTR] [LABEL]{DISPLAYTEXT}
|
|||
|
\def\tag@scheme#1#2[#3]{\tag@rawscheme{#1}{#2}[#3]{\upshape(}{\upshape)}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% \eqtag[LABEL]{DISPLAYTEXT}
|
|||
|
\def\eqtag@post#1{\makebox[0pt][r]{#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\eqtag@pre{\tag@scheme{Eq}{Equation}[Xe]}
|
|||
|
\def\eqtag{\@ifnextchar[{\eqtag@}{\eqtag@[*]}}
|
|||
|
\def\eqtag@[#1]{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\eqtag@@[#1]}{\eqtag@@[#1]{}}}
|
|||
|
\def\eqtag@@[#1]#2{\eqtag@post{\eqtag@pre[#1]{#2}}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\eqcref#1{\text{(\ref{#1})}}
|
|||
|
\def\ptcref#1{\ref{#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\punktlabel#1{\label{it:#1:\beweislabel}}
|
|||
|
\def\punktcref#1{\eqcref{it:#1:\beweislabel}}
|
|||
|
\def\crefit#1#2{\cref{#1}~\eqcref{it:#2:#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\Crefit#1#2{\Cref{#1}~\eqcref{it:#2:#1}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% UNDER/OVERSET BEFEHLE
|
|||
|
\def\opfromto[#1]_#2^#3{\underset{#2}{\overset{#3}{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\textoverset#1#2{\overset{\text{#1}}{#2}}
|
|||
|
\def\textunderset#1#2{\underset{#2}{\text{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\crefoverset#1#2{\textoverset{\cref{#1}}{#2}}
|
|||
|
\def\Crefoverset#1#2{\textoverset{\Cref{#1}}{#2}}
|
|||
|
\def\crefunderset#1#2{\textunderset{#2}{\cref{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\Crefunderset#1#2{\textunderset{#2}{\Cref{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\eqcrefoverset#1#2{\textoverset{\eqcref{#1}}{#2}}
|
|||
|
\def\eqcrefunderset#1#2{\textunderset{#2}{\eqcref{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\mathclap#1{#1}
|
|||
|
\def\oberunterset#1{\@ifnextchar^{\oberunterset@oben{#1}}{\oberunterset@unten{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\oberunterset@oben#1^#2_#3{\underset{\mathclap{#3}}{\overset{\mathclap{#2}}{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\oberunterset@unten#1_#2^#3{\underset{\mathclap{#2}}{\overset{\mathclap{#3}}{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\breitunderbrace#1_#2{\underbrace{#1}_{\mathclap{#2}}}
|
|||
|
\def\breitoverbrace#1^#2{\overbrace{#1}^{\mathclap{#2}}}
|
|||
|
\def\breitunderbracket#1_#2{\underbracket{#1}_{\mathclap{#2}}}
|
|||
|
\def\breitoverbracket#1^#2{\overbracket{#1}^{\mathclap{#2}}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\generatenestedsecnumbering#1#2#3{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname thelong#3\endcsname{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\csname the#2\endcsname%
|
|||
|
\secnumberingpt%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\csname #1\endcsname{#3}%
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname theshort#3\endcsname{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\csname #1\endcsname{#3}%
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\generatenestedthmnumbering#1#2#3{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname the#3\endcsname{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\csname the#2\endcsname%
|
|||
|
\thmnumberingpt%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\csname #1\endcsname{#3}%
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname theshort#3\endcsname{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\csname #1\endcsname{#3}%
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% ALLG. MACROS:
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\+#1{\addtocounter{#1}{1}}
|
|||
|
\def\setcounternach#1#2{\setcounter{#1}{#2}\addtocounter{#1}{-1}}
|
|||
|
\def\textsubscript#1{${}_{\textup{#1}}$}
|
|||
|
\def\rome#1{\overline{\underline{#1}}}
|
|||
|
\def\textTODO{\text{[{\large\textcolor{red}{More work needed!}}]}}
|
|||
|
\def\hlineEIGENpt{\hdashline[0.5pt/5pt]}
|
|||
|
\def\clineEIGENpt#1{\cdashline{#1}[0.5pt/5pt]}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\forcepunkt#1{#1\IfEndWith{#1}{.}{}{.}}
|
|||
|
\def\lateinabkuerzung#1#2{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{\emph{#2}\@ifnextchar.{\entferneplatz}{\erlaubeplatz}}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\deutscheabkuerzung#1#2{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{{#2}\@ifnextchar.{\entferneplatz}{\erlaubeplatz}}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% MATHE
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\matrix#1{\left(\begin{array}{#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\endmatrix{\end{array}\right)}
|
|||
|
\def\smatrix{\left(\begin{smallmatrix}}
|
|||
|
\def\endsmatrix{\end{smallmatrix}\right)}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\multiargrekursiverbefehl#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname#1\endcsname #2##1#4{\csname #1@anfang\endcsname##1#3\egroup}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@anfang\endcsname##1#3{#5##1\@ifnextchar\egroup{\csname #1@ende\endcsname}{#7\csname #1@mitte\endcsname}}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@mitte\endcsname##1#3{#6##1\@ifnextchar\egroup{\csname #1@ende\endcsname}{#7\csname #1@mitte\endcsname}}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@ende\endcsname##1{#8}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{svektor}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{smatrix}}{}{\\}{\\\end{smatrix}}
|
|||
|
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{vektor}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{matrix}{c}}{}{\\}{\\\end{matrix}}
|
|||
|
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{vektorzeile}{}{,}{;}{}{&}{}{}
|
|||
|
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{matlabmatrix}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{smatrix}\vektorzeile}{\vektorzeile}{;\\}{;\end{smatrix}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\cases[#1]#2{\left\{\begin{array}[#1]{#2}}
|
|||
|
\def\endcases{\end{array}\right.}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\BeweisRichtung[#1]{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\@BeweisRichtung@c[#1]}{\@BeweisRichtung@bes[#1]}}
|
|||
|
\def\@BeweisRichtung@bes[#1]{{\bfseries(#1).~}}
|
|||
|
\def\@BeweisRichtung@c[#1]#2#3{{\bfseries(#2#1#3).~}}
|
|||
|
\def\erzeugeBeweisRichtungBefehle#1#2{
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1text\endcsname##1##2{\BeweisRichtung[#2]{##1}{##2}}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{%
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\csname #1@\endcsname}{\csname #1text\endcsname{}{}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1@\endcsname##1##2{%
|
|||
|
\csname #1text\endcsname{\punktcref{##1}}{\punktcref{##2}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\erzeugeBeweisRichtungBefehle{hinRichtung}{$\Longrightarrow$}
|
|||
|
\erzeugeBeweisRichtungBefehle{herRichtung}{$\Longleftarrow$}
|
|||
|
\erzeugeBeweisRichtungBefehle{hinherRichtung}{$\Longleftrightarrow$}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\cal#1{\mathcal{#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\brkt#1{\langle{}#1{}\rangle}
|
|||
|
\def\mathfrak#1{\mbox{\usefont{U}{euf}{m}{n}#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\kurs#1{\textit{#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\rectangleblack{\text{\RectangleBold}}
|
|||
|
\def\rectanglewhite{\text{\Rectangle}}
|
|||
|
\def\squareblack{\blacksquare}
|
|||
|
\def\squarewhite{\Box}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: src/setup-environments.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% **********************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% CLEVEREF: ************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\crefname@full#1#2#3{\crefname{#1}{#2}{#3}\Crefname{#1}{#2}{#3}}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{chapter}{Kapitel}{Kapitel}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{section}{Abschnitt}{Abschnitte}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{figure}{Fig.}{Fig.}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{subfigure}{Fig.}{Fig.}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{proof}{Beweis}{Beweise}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{thm}{Theorem}{Theoreme}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{satz}{Satz}{Sätze}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{claim}{Behauptung}{Behauptungen}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{lemm}{Lemma}{Lemmata}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{cor}{Korollar}{Korollarien}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{folg}{Folgerung}{Folgerungen}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{prop}{Proposition}{Propositionen}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{defn}{Definition}{Definitionen}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{conv}{Konvention}{Konventionen}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{fact}{Fakt}{Fakten}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{rem}{Bemerkung}{Bemerkungen}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{qstn}{Frage}{Fragen}
|
|||
|
\crefname@full{e.g.}{Beipsiel}{Beipsiele}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% THEOREME:
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\qedEIGEN#1{\@ifnextchar[{\qedEIGEN@c{#1}}{\qedEIGEN@bes{#1}}}%]
|
|||
|
\def\qedEIGEN@bes#1{%
|
|||
|
\bgroup%
|
|||
|
\parfillskip=0pt% % so \par doesnt push \square to left
|
|||
|
\widowpenalty=10000% % so we dont break the page before \square
|
|||
|
\displaywidowpenalty=10000% % ditto
|
|||
|
\finalhyphendemerits=0% % TeXbook exercise 14.32
|
|||
|
\leavevmode% % \nobreak means lines not pages
|
|||
|
\unskip% % remove previous space or glue
|
|||
|
\nobreak% % don’t break lines
|
|||
|
\hfil% % ragged right if we spill over
|
|||
|
\penalty50% % discouragement to do so
|
|||
|
\hskip.2em% % ensure some space
|
|||
|
\null% % anchor following \hfill
|
|||
|
\hfill% % push \square to right
|
|||
|
#1% % the end-of-proof mark
|
|||
|
\par%
|
|||
|
\egroup%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\qedEIGEN@c#1[#2]{%
|
|||
|
\bgroup%
|
|||
|
\parfillskip=0pt% % so \par doesnt push \square to left
|
|||
|
\widowpenalty=10000% % so we dont break the page before \square
|
|||
|
\displaywidowpenalty=10000% % ditto
|
|||
|
\finalhyphendemerits=0% % TeXbook exercise 14.32
|
|||
|
\leavevmode% % \nobreak means lines not pages
|
|||
|
\unskip% % remove previous space or glue
|
|||
|
\nobreak% % don’t break lines
|
|||
|
\hfil% % ragged right if we spill over
|
|||
|
\penalty50% % discouragement to do so
|
|||
|
\hskip.2em% % ensure some space
|
|||
|
\null% % anchor following \hfill
|
|||
|
\hfill% % push \square to right
|
|||
|
{#1~{\smaller\bfseries\upshape (#2)}}%
|
|||
|
\par%
|
|||
|
\egroup%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\qedVARIANT#1#2{
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname ennde#1Sign\endcsname{#2}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname ennde#1\endcsname{\@ifnextchar[{\qedEIGEN@c{#2}}{\qedEIGEN@bes{#2}}} %]
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\qedVARIANT{OfProof}{$\squareblack$}
|
|||
|
\qedVARIANT{OfWork}{\rectangleblack}
|
|||
|
\qedVARIANT{OfSomething}{$\dashv$}
|
|||
|
\qedVARIANT{OnNeutral}{$\lozenge$} % \lozenge \bigcirc \blacklozenge
|
|||
|
\def\qedsymbol{\enndeOfProofSign}
|
|||
|
\def\proofSymbol{\enndeOfProofSign}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\ra@pretheoremwork{
|
|||
|
\setlength{\theorempreskipamount}{\ownspaceabovethm}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\rathmtransfer#1#2{
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #2\endcsname{\csname #1\endcsname}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname end#2\endcsname{\csname end#1\endcsname}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\ranewthm#1#2#3[#4]{
|
|||
|
%% FOR \BEGIN{THM}
|
|||
|
\theoremstyle{\current@theoremstyle}
|
|||
|
\theoremseparator{\current@theoremseparator}
|
|||
|
\theoremprework{\ra@pretheoremwork}
|
|||
|
\@ifundefined{#1@basic}{\newtheorem{#1@basic}[#4]{#2}}{\renewtheorem{#1@basic}[#4]{#2}}
|
|||
|
%% FOR \BEGIN{THM}[...]
|
|||
|
\theoremstyle{\current@theoremstyle}
|
|||
|
\theoremseparator{\thmForceSepPt}
|
|||
|
\theoremprework{\ra@pretheoremwork}
|
|||
|
\@ifundefined{#1@withName}{\newtheorem{#1@withName}[#4]{#2}}{\renewtheorem{#1@withName}[#4]{#2}}
|
|||
|
%% FOR \BEGIN{THM*}
|
|||
|
\theoremstyle{nonumberplain}
|
|||
|
\theoremseparator{\thmForceSepPt}
|
|||
|
\theoremprework{\ra@pretheoremwork}
|
|||
|
\@ifundefined{#1@star@basic}{\newtheorem{#1@star@basic}[Xdisplaynone]{#2}}{\renewtheorem{#1@star@basic}[Xdisplaynone]{#2}}
|
|||
|
%% FOR \BEGIN{THM*}[...]
|
|||
|
\theoremstyle{nonumberplain}
|
|||
|
\theoremseparator{\thmForceSepPt}
|
|||
|
\theoremprework{\ra@pretheoremwork}
|
|||
|
\@ifundefined{#1@star@withName}{\newtheorem{#1@star@withName}[Xdisplaynone]{#2}}{\renewtheorem{#1@star@withName}[Xdisplaynone]{#2}}
|
|||
|
%% GENERATE ENVIRONMENTS:
|
|||
|
\umbauenenv{#1}{#3}[#4]
|
|||
|
\umbauenenv{#1@star}{#3}[Xdisplaynone]
|
|||
|
%% TRANSFER *-DEFINITION
|
|||
|
\rathmtransfer{#1@star}{#1*}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\umbauenenv#1#2[#3]{%
|
|||
|
%% \BEGIN{THM}...
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1\endcsname{\relax%
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@\endcsname}{\csname #1@\endcsname[*]}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
%% \BEGIN{THM}[ANFANG]...
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@\endcsname[##1]{\relax%
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@@\endcsname[##1]}{\csname #1@@\endcsname[##1][*]}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
%% \BEGIN{THM}[ANFANG][SCHLUSS]
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@@\endcsname[##1][##2]{%
|
|||
|
\ifx*##1%
|
|||
|
\def\enndeOfBlock{\csname end#1@basic\endcsname}
|
|||
|
\csname #1@basic\endcsname%
|
|||
|
\else%
|
|||
|
\def\enndeOfBlock{\csname end#1@withName\endcsname}
|
|||
|
\csname #1@withName\endcsname[##1]%
|
|||
|
\fi%
|
|||
|
\def\makelabel####1{%
|
|||
|
\gdef\beweislabel{####1}%
|
|||
|
\label{\beweislabel}%
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
\ifx*##2%
|
|||
|
\def\enndeSymbol{\qedEIGEN{#2}}
|
|||
|
\else%
|
|||
|
\def\enndeSymbol{\qedEIGEN{#2}[##2]}
|
|||
|
\fi
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
%% \END{THM}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname end#1\endcsname{\enndeSymbol\enndeOfBlock}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% NEWTHEOREM EINSTELLUNGSOPTIONEN:
|
|||
|
%% F\"UR \theoremstyle
|
|||
|
%% plain Emulates original LATEX defin, except uses param \theorem...skipamount.
|
|||
|
%% break Header followed by line break.
|
|||
|
%% change Header, Number and Text are interchanged, without a line break.
|
|||
|
%% changebreak =change, but with a line break after Header.
|
|||
|
%% margin Number in left margin, without a line break.
|
|||
|
%% marginbreak =margin, but with a line break after the header.
|
|||
|
%% nonumberplain =plain, without number.
|
|||
|
%% nonumberbreak =break, without number.
|
|||
|
%% empty No number, no name. Only the optional argument is typeset.
|
|||
|
%% \theoremclass \theoremnumbering
|
|||
|
%% \theorempreskip \theorempostkip \theoremindent
|
|||
|
%% \theoremprework \theorempostwork
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\current@theoremstyle{plain}
|
|||
|
\def\current@theoremseparator{\thmnumberingseppt}
|
|||
|
\theoremstyle{\current@theoremstyle}
|
|||
|
\theoremseparator{\current@theoremseparator}
|
|||
|
\theoremsymbol{}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\newtheorem{X}{X}[chapter] % for most theorems
|
|||
|
\newtheorem{Xe}{Xe}[chapter] % for equations
|
|||
|
\newtheorem*{Xdisplaynone}{Xdisplaynone}[chapter] % a dummy counter, that will never be displayed.
|
|||
|
\newtheorem{Xsp}{Xsp}[chapter] % for special theorems
|
|||
|
\generatenestedthmnumbering{arabic}{chapter}{X}
|
|||
|
\generatenestedthmnumbering{arabic}{chapter}{Xe}
|
|||
|
\generatenestedthmnumbering{Roman}{chapter}{Xsp}
|
|||
|
\let\theXsp\theshortXsp
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\theoremheaderfont{\upshape\bfseries}
|
|||
|
\theorembodyfont{\slshape}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{thm}{Theorem}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{satz}{Satz}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{claim}{Behauptung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{lemm}{Lemma}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{cor}{Korollar}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{folg}{Folgerung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{prop}{Proposition}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\theorembodyfont{\upshape}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{defn}{Definition}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{conv}{Konvention}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{obs}{Beobachtung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{e.g.}{Beipsiel}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{fact}{Fakt}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{rem}{Bemerkung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{qstn}{Frage}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{exer}{Aufgabe}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{soln}{Lösung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\theoremheaderfont{\itshape\bfseries}
|
|||
|
\theorembodyfont{\upshape}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\ranewthm{proof@tmp}{Beweis}{\enndeOfProofSign}[Xdisplaynone]
|
|||
|
\rathmtransfer{proof@tmp*}{proof}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\behauptungbeleg@claim{%
|
|||
|
\iflanguage{british}{Claim}{%
|
|||
|
\iflanguage{english}{Claim}{%
|
|||
|
\iflanguage{ngerman}{Behauptung}{%
|
|||
|
\iflanguage{russian}{Утверждение}{%
|
|||
|
Claim%
|
|||
|
}}}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\behauptungbeleg@pf@kurz{%
|
|||
|
\iflanguage{british}{Pf}{%
|
|||
|
\iflanguage{english}{Pf}{%
|
|||
|
\iflanguage{ngerman}{Bew}{%
|
|||
|
\iflanguage{russian}{Доказательство}{%
|
|||
|
Pf%
|
|||
|
}}}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\behauptungbeleg{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\behauptungbeleg@c}{\behauptungbeleg@bes}}
|
|||
|
\def\behauptungbeleg@c#1{\item[{\bfseries \behauptungbeleg@claim\erlaubeplatz #1.}]}
|
|||
|
\def\behauptungbeleg@bes{\item[{\bfseries \behauptungbeleg@claim.}]}
|
|||
|
\def\belegbehauptung{\item[{\bfseries\itshape\behauptungbeleg@pf@kurz.}]}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% ALTE UMGEBUNGEN:
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{\RECHTS}[1]{>{\raggedleft}p{#1}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{\LINKS}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{m}{>{$}l<{$}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{C}{>{$}c<{$}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{L}{>{$}l<{$}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{R}{>{$}r<{$}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{0}{@{\hspace{0pt}}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{\LINKSRAND}{@{\hspace{\@totalleftmargin}}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{h}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{i}{>{\itshape}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{t}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{q}{@{\hspace{1em}}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{n}{@{\hspace{-\tabcolsep}}}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{M}[2]{%
|
|||
|
>{\begin{minipage}{#2}\begin{math}}%
|
|||
|
{#1}%
|
|||
|
<{\end{math}\end{minipage}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\newcolumntype{T}[2]{%
|
|||
|
>{\begin{minipage}{#2}}%
|
|||
|
{#1}%
|
|||
|
<{\end{minipage}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\LTpre}{\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\LTpost}{0pt}
|
|||
|
\def\center{\centering}
|
|||
|
\def\endcenter{}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\punkteumgebung@genbefehl#1#2#3{
|
|||
|
\punkteumgebung@genbefehl@{#1}{#2}{#3}{}{}
|
|||
|
\punkteumgebung@genbefehl@{multi#1}{#2}{#3}{
|
|||
|
\setlength{\columnsep}{10pt}%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\columnseprule}{0pt}%
|
|||
|
\begin{multicols}{\thecolumnanzahl}%
|
|||
|
}{\end{multicols}\nvraum{1}}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\punkteumgebung@genbefehl@#1#2#3#4#5{
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\csname #1@c\endcsname}{\csname #1@bes\endcsname}
|
|||
|
}%]
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@c\endcsname##1{
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@c@\endcsname{##1}}{\csname #1@c@\endcsname{##1}[\z@]}
|
|||
|
}%]
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@c@\endcsname##1[##2]{
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@c@@\endcsname{##1}[##2]}{\csname #1@c@@\endcsname{##1}[##2][\z@]}
|
|||
|
}%]
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@c@@\endcsname##1[##2][##3]{
|
|||
|
\let\alterlinkerRand\gesamtlinkerRand
|
|||
|
\let\alterrechterRand\gesamtrechterRand
|
|||
|
\addtolength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{##2}
|
|||
|
\addtolength{\gesamtrechterRand}{##3}
|
|||
|
\advance\linewidth -##2%
|
|||
|
\advance\linewidth -##3%
|
|||
|
\advance\@totalleftmargin ##2%
|
|||
|
\parshape\@ne \@totalleftmargin\linewidth%
|
|||
|
#4
|
|||
|
\begin{#2}[\upshape ##1]%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parskip}{0.5\baselineskip}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\topsep}{\z@}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\partopsep}{\z@}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parsep}{\parskip}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\itemsep}{#3}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\listparindent}{\z@}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\itemindent}{\z@}\relax%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@bes\endcsname{
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@bes@\endcsname}{\csname #1@bes@\endcsname[\z@]}
|
|||
|
}%]
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@bes@\endcsname[##1]{
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@bes@@\endcsname[##1]}{\csname #1@bes@@\endcsname[##1][\z@]}
|
|||
|
}%]
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@bes@@\endcsname[##1][##2]{
|
|||
|
\let\alterlinkerRand\gesamtlinkerRand
|
|||
|
\let\alterrechterRand\gesamtrechterRand
|
|||
|
\addtolength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{##1}
|
|||
|
\addtolength{\gesamtrechterRand}{##2}
|
|||
|
\advance\linewidth -##1%
|
|||
|
\advance\linewidth -##2%
|
|||
|
\advance\@totalleftmargin ##1%
|
|||
|
\parshape\@ne \@totalleftmargin\linewidth%
|
|||
|
#4
|
|||
|
\begin{#2}%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parskip}{0.5\baselineskip}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\topsep}{\z@}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\partopsep}{\z@}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parsep}{\parskip}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\itemsep}{#3}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\listparindent}{\z@}\relax%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\itemindent}{\z@}\relax%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname end#1\endcsname{%
|
|||
|
\end{#2}#5
|
|||
|
\setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{\alterlinkerRand}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{\alterrechterRand}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\ritempunkt{{\Large\textbullet}} % \textbullet, $\sqbullet$, $\blacktriangleright$
|
|||
|
\setdefaultitem{\ritempunkt}{\ritempunkt}{\ritempunkt}{\ritempunkt}
|
|||
|
\punkteumgebung@genbefehl{itemise}{compactitem}{\parskip}{}{}
|
|||
|
\punkteumgebung@genbefehl{kompaktitem}{compactitem}{\z@}{}{}
|
|||
|
\punkteumgebung@genbefehl{enumerate}{compactenum}{\parskip}{}{}
|
|||
|
\punkteumgebung@genbefehl{kompaktenum}{compactenum}{\z@}{}{}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\let\ALTthebibliography\thebibliography
|
|||
|
\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1]{%
|
|||
|
\begin{ALTthebibliography}{#1}
|
|||
|
\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\bibname}
|
|||
|
}{%
|
|||
|
\end{ALTthebibliography}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% NEUE UMGEBUNGEN:
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\matrix#1{\left(\begin{array}[mc]{#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\endmatrix{\end{array}\right)}
|
|||
|
\def\smatrix{\left(\begin{smallmatrix}}
|
|||
|
\def\endsmatrix{\end{smallmatrix}\right)}
|
|||
|
\def\vector{\begin{matrix}{c}}
|
|||
|
\def\endvector{\end{matrix}}
|
|||
|
\def\svector{\begin{smatrix}}
|
|||
|
\def\endsvector{\end{smatrix}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\multiargrekursiverbefehl#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname#1\endcsname #2##1#4{\csname #1@anfang\endcsname##1#3\egroup}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@anfang\endcsname##1#3{#5##1\@ifnextchar\egroup{\csname #1@ende\endcsname}{#7\csname #1@mitte\endcsname}}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@mitte\endcsname##1#3{#6##1\@ifnextchar\egroup{\csname #1@ende\endcsname}{#7\csname #1@mitte\endcsname}}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@ende\endcsname##1{#8}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{svektor}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{smatrix}}{}{\\}{\\\end{smatrix}}
|
|||
|
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{vektor}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{matrix}{c}}{}{\\}{\\\end{matrix}}
|
|||
|
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{vektorzeile}{}{,}{;}{}{&}{}{}
|
|||
|
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{matlabmatrix}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{smatrix}\vektorzeile}{\vektorzeile}{;\\}{;\end{smatrix}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\underbracenodisplay#1{%
|
|||
|
\mathop{\vtop{\m@th\ialign{##\crcr
|
|||
|
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr
|
|||
|
\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}%
|
|||
|
\upbracefill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\mathe[#1]#2{%
|
|||
|
\ifthenelse{\equal{\boolinmdframed}{\boolwahr}}{}{\begin{escapeeinzug}}
|
|||
|
\noindent%
|
|||
|
\let\eqtagset\boolfalsch
|
|||
|
\let\eqtaglabel\boolleer
|
|||
|
\let\eqtagsymb\boolleer
|
|||
|
\let\alteqtag\eqtag
|
|||
|
\def\eqtag{\@ifnextchar[{\eqtag@loc@}{\eqtag@loc@[*]}}%
|
|||
|
\def\eqtag@loc@[##1]{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\eqtag@loc@@[##1]}{\eqtag@loc@@[##1]{}}}%
|
|||
|
\def\eqtag@loc@@[##1]##2{%
|
|||
|
\gdef\eqtagset{\boolwahr}
|
|||
|
\gdef\eqtaglabel{##1}
|
|||
|
\gdef\eqtagsymb{##2}
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
\def\verticalalign{}%
|
|||
|
\IfBeginWith{#1}{t}{\def\verticalalign{t}}{}%
|
|||
|
\IfBeginWith{#1}{m}{\def\verticalalign{c}}{}%
|
|||
|
\IfBeginWith{#1}{b}{\def\verticalalign{b}}{}%
|
|||
|
\def\horizontalalign{\null\hfill\null}%
|
|||
|
\IfEndWith{#1}{l}{}{\null\hfill\null}%
|
|||
|
\IfEndWith{#1}{r}{\def\horizontalalign{}}{}%
|
|||
|
\begin{math}
|
|||
|
\begin{array}[\verticalalign]{0#2}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\endmathe{%
|
|||
|
\end{array}
|
|||
|
\end{math}\horizontalalign%
|
|||
|
\let\eqtag\alteqtag
|
|||
|
\ifthenelse{\equal{\eqtagset}{\boolwahr}}{\eqtag[\eqtaglabel]{\eqtagsymb}}{}
|
|||
|
\ifthenelse{\equal{\boolinmdframed}{\boolwahr}}{}{\end{escapeeinzug}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\longmathe[#1]#2{\relax
|
|||
|
\let\altarraystretch\arraystretch
|
|||
|
\renewcommand\arraystretch{1.2}\relax
|
|||
|
\begin{longtable}[#1]{\LINKSRAND #2}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\endlongmathe{
|
|||
|
\end{longtable}
|
|||
|
\renewcommand\arraystretch{\altarraystretch}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\einzug{\@ifnextchar[{\indents@}{\indents@[\z@]}}%]
|
|||
|
\def\indents@[#1]{\@ifnextchar[{\indents@@[#1]}{\indents@@[#1][\z@]}}%]
|
|||
|
\def\indents@@[#1][#2]{%
|
|||
|
\begin{list}{}{\relax
|
|||
|
\setlength{\topsep}{\z@}\relax
|
|||
|
\setlength{\partopsep}{\z@}\relax
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parsep}{\parskip}\relax
|
|||
|
\setlength{\listparindent}{\z@}\relax
|
|||
|
\setlength{\itemindent}{\z@}\relax
|
|||
|
\setlength{\leftmargin}{#1}\relax
|
|||
|
\setlength{\rightmargin}{#2}\relax
|
|||
|
\let\alterlinkerRand\gesamtlinkerRand
|
|||
|
\let\alterrechterRand\gesamtrechterRand
|
|||
|
\addtolength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{#1}
|
|||
|
\addtolength{\gesamtrechterRand}{#2}
|
|||
|
}\relax
|
|||
|
\item[]\relax
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\endeinzug{%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{\alterlinkerRand}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{\alterrechterRand}
|
|||
|
\end{list}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\escapeeinzug{\begin{einzug}[-\gesamtlinkerRand][-\gesamtrechterRand]}
|
|||
|
\def\endescapeeinzug{\end{einzug}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\programmiercode{
|
|||
|
\modulolinenumbers[1]
|
|||
|
\begin{einzug}[\rtab][\rtab]%
|
|||
|
\begin{linenumbers}%
|
|||
|
\fontfamily{cmtt}\fontseries{m}\fontshape{u}\selectfont%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parskip}{1\baselineskip}%
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\endprogrammiercode{
|
|||
|
\end{linenumbers}
|
|||
|
\end{einzug}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\schattiertebox@genbefehl#1#2#3{
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{%
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@args\endcsname}{\csname #1@args\endcsname[#3]}%]%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@args\endcsname[##1]{%
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@args@l\endcsname[##1]}{\csname #1@args@n\endcsname[##1]}%]%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@args@l\endcsname[##1][##2]{%
|
|||
|
\@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@args@l@r\endcsname[##1][##2]}{\csname #1@args@l@n\endcsname[##1][##2]}%]%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@args@n\endcsname[##1]{%
|
|||
|
\let\boolinmdframed\boolwahr
|
|||
|
\begin{mdframed}[#2leftmargin=0,rightmargin=0,outermargin=0,innermargin=0,##1]
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@args@l@n\endcsname[##1][##2]{%
|
|||
|
\let\boolinmdframed\boolwahr
|
|||
|
\begin{mdframed}[#2leftmargin=##2/2,rightmargin=##2/2,outermargin=##2/2,innermargin=##2/2,##1]
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\def\csname #1@args@l@r\endcsname[##1][##2][##3]{%
|
|||
|
\let\boolinmdframed\boolwahr
|
|||
|
\begin{mdframed}[#2leftmargin=##2,rightmargin=##3,outermargin=##2,innermargin=##3,##1]
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\expandafter\gdef\csname end#1\endcsname{%
|
|||
|
\end{mdframed}
|
|||
|
\let\boolinmdframed\boolfalsch
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\schattiertebox@genbefehl{schattiertebox}{
|
|||
|
splittopskip=0,%
|
|||
|
splitbottomskip=0,%
|
|||
|
frametitleaboveskip=0,%
|
|||
|
frametitlebelowskip=0,%
|
|||
|
skipabove=1\baselineskip,%
|
|||
|
skipbelow=1\baselineskip,%
|
|||
|
linewidth=2pt,%
|
|||
|
linecolor=black,%
|
|||
|
roundcorner=4pt,%
|
|||
|
}{
|
|||
|
backgroundcolor=leer,%
|
|||
|
nobreak=true,%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\schattiertebox@genbefehl{schattierteboxdunn}{
|
|||
|
splittopskip=0,%
|
|||
|
splitbottomskip=0,%
|
|||
|
frametitleaboveskip=0,%
|
|||
|
frametitlebelowskip=0,%
|
|||
|
skipabove=1\baselineskip,%
|
|||
|
skipbelow=1\baselineskip,%
|
|||
|
linewidth=1pt,%
|
|||
|
linecolor=black,%
|
|||
|
roundcorner=2pt,%
|
|||
|
}{
|
|||
|
backgroundcolor=leer,%
|
|||
|
nobreak=true,%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\algorithm{\schattiertebox[backgroundcolor=hellgrau,nobreak=false]}
|
|||
|
\def\endalgorithm{\endschattiertebox}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\tikzsetzenode#1{%
|
|||
|
\tikz[remember picture,baseline,overlay]{\node #1;}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\tikzsetzepfeil#1{%
|
|||
|
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay,>=latex]%
|
|||
|
\draw #1;%
|
|||
|
\end{tikzpicture}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\tikzsetzeoverlay#1{%
|
|||
|
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay,>=latex]%
|
|||
|
#1%
|
|||
|
\end{tikzpicture}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\tikzsetzekreise[#1]#2#3{%
|
|||
|
\tikzsetzepfeil{%
|
|||
|
[rounded corners,#1]%
|
|||
|
([shift={(-\tabcolsep,0.75\baselineskip)}]#2)%
|
|||
|
rectangle%
|
|||
|
([shift={(\tabcolsep,-0.5\baselineskip)}]#3)
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\tikzset{
|
|||
|
>=stealth,
|
|||
|
auto,
|
|||
|
thick,
|
|||
|
main node/.style={
|
|||
|
circle,draw,font=\sffamily\Large\bfseries,minimum size=0pt
|
|||
|
},
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: src/setup-layout.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\pagestyle{fancyplain}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\@ifundefined{setcitestyle}{%
|
|||
|
%% do nothing
|
|||
|
}{%
|
|||
|
\setcitestyle{numeric-comp,open={[},close={]}}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\crefpairconjunction{ und }
|
|||
|
\def\crefmiddleconjunction{, }
|
|||
|
\def\creflastconjunction{, und }
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\raggedbottom %% <- pushes footers up
|
|||
|
\sloppy
|
|||
|
\def\headrulewidth{0pt}
|
|||
|
\def\footrulewidth{0pt}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\columnsep}{20pt}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\columnseprule}{1pt}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\headheight}{11pt}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\partopsep}{0pt}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\topsep}{\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\topskip}{0.5\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\footskip}{-1\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\maxdepth}{0pt}
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1}
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
|
|||
|
\setcounter{LTchunksize}{\infty}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{0pt}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parskip}{1\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\def\firstparagraph{\noindent}
|
|||
|
\def\continueparagraph{\noindent}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\hypersetup{
|
|||
|
hidelinks=true,
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\@addtoreset{chapter}{part} %% nötig für Hyperref.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\partfont{\documentfont\fontseries{bx}\Huge\selectfont}
|
|||
|
\def\chapterfont{\documentfont\fontseries{bx}\huge\selectfont}
|
|||
|
\def\sectionfont{\documentfont\fontseries{bx}\Large\selectfont}
|
|||
|
\def\subsectionfont{\documentfont\fontseries{bx}\large\selectfont}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\thepart{\Roman{part}}
|
|||
|
\generatenestedsecnumbering{arabic}{part}{chapter}
|
|||
|
\generatenestedsecnumbering{arabic}{chapter}{section}
|
|||
|
\generatenestedsecnumbering{arabic}{section}{subsection}
|
|||
|
\generatenestedsecnumbering{arabic}{subsection}{subsubsection}
|
|||
|
\def\theunitnamepart{\thepart}
|
|||
|
\def\theunitnamechapter{\theshortchapter}
|
|||
|
\def\theunitnamesection{\thelongsection}
|
|||
|
\def\theunitnamesubsection{\thelongsubsection}
|
|||
|
\def\theunitnamesubsubsection{\thelongsubsubsection}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\partname{Teil\erlaubeplatz}
|
|||
|
\def\chaptername{Kapitel\erlaubeplatz}
|
|||
|
\def\sectionname{\S\erlaubeplatz}
|
|||
|
\def\subsectionname{}
|
|||
|
\def\subsubsectionname{}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\let\appendix@orig\appendix
|
|||
|
\def\appendix{%
|
|||
|
\appendix@orig%
|
|||
|
\let\boolinappendix\boolwahr
|
|||
|
\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\appendixname}%
|
|||
|
\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\setcounter{tocdepth}{0}}
|
|||
|
\def\sectionname{Appendix}%
|
|||
|
\def\theunitnamesection{\Alph{section}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\notappendix{%
|
|||
|
\let\boolinappendix\boolfalse
|
|||
|
\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\setcounter{tocdepth}{1 }}
|
|||
|
\def\sectionname{}%
|
|||
|
\def\theunitnamesection{\arabic{section}}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% \titlespacing{<sectionclassname>}
|
|||
|
%% {linker einzug}{platz oberhalb}{platz unterhalb}[rechter einzug]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{\baselineskip}{\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{\baselineskip}{\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{\baselineskip}{\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\titlespacing{\paragraph}{0pt}{0pt}{1em}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\titleformat{\part}[display]
|
|||
|
{\normalfont\headingfont\bfseries\Huge\centering}
|
|||
|
{%
|
|||
|
\ifthenelse{\equal{\partname}{}}{%
|
|||
|
\theunitnamepart%
|
|||
|
}{%
|
|||
|
\MakeUppercase{\partname}~\theunitnamepart%
|
|||
|
}%
|
|||
|
}{0pt}{%
|
|||
|
}[\thispagestyle{empty}]
|
|||
|
\titleformat{\chapter}[frame]
|
|||
|
{\normalfont\headingfont\bfseries\Large}
|
|||
|
{%
|
|||
|
\bedingtesspaceexpand{chaptername}{~}{\theunitnamechapter}%
|
|||
|
}{0.5em}{%
|
|||
|
}[\thispagestyle{empty}]%\titlerule%[2pt]%
|
|||
|
\titleformat{\section}[hang]
|
|||
|
{\normalfont\headingfont\bfseries\flushleft\large}
|
|||
|
{%
|
|||
|
\bedingtesspaceexpand{sectionname}{~}{\theunitnamesection}%
|
|||
|
}{0.5em}
|
|||
|
{%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
[%
|
|||
|
\nvraum{0.25}%
|
|||
|
]
|
|||
|
\titleformat{\subsection}[hang]
|
|||
|
{\normalfont\headingfont\bfseries\flushleft\large}
|
|||
|
{%
|
|||
|
\bedingtesspaceexpand{subsectionname}{~}{\theunitnamesubsection}%
|
|||
|
}{0.5em}
|
|||
|
{%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
[%
|
|||
|
\nvraum{0.25}%
|
|||
|
]
|
|||
|
\titleformat{\subsubsection}[hang]
|
|||
|
{\normalfont\headingfont\bfseries\flushleft\large}
|
|||
|
{%
|
|||
|
\bedingtesspaceexpand{subsubsectionname}{~}{\theunitnamesubsubsection}%
|
|||
|
}{0.5em}
|
|||
|
{%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
[%
|
|||
|
\nvraum{0.25}%
|
|||
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\rafootnotectr{20}
|
|||
|
\def\incrftnotectr#1{%
|
|||
|
\addtocounter{#1}{1}%
|
|||
|
\ifnum\value{#1}>\rafootnotectr\relax
|
|||
|
\setcounter{#1}{0}%
|
|||
|
\fi%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\footnoteref[#1]{\protected@xdef\@thefnmark{\ref{#1}}\@footnotemark}
|
|||
|
\let\altfootnotetext\footnotetext
|
|||
|
\def\footnotetext[#1]#2{\incrftnotectr{footnote}\altfootnotetext[\value{footnote}]{\label{#1}#2}}
|
|||
|
\let\altfootnotemark\footnotemark
|
|||
|
%% Undesirable solution, as the text is not hyperlinked.
|
|||
|
\def\footnotemark[#1]{\text{\textsuperscript{\getrefnumber{#1}}}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\DefineFNsymbols*{custom}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
|
|||
|
\setfnsymbol{custom}
|
|||
|
\def\footnotelayout{\documentfont\scriptsize}
|
|||
|
\def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\kopfzeileleer{
|
|||
|
\lhead[]{}
|
|||
|
\chead[]{}
|
|||
|
\rhead[]{}
|
|||
|
\lfoot[]{}
|
|||
|
\cfoot[]{}
|
|||
|
\rfoot[]{}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\kopfzeiledefault{
|
|||
|
\lhead[]{}
|
|||
|
\lhead[]{}
|
|||
|
\chead[]{}
|
|||
|
\rhead[]{}
|
|||
|
\lfoot[]{}
|
|||
|
\cfoot{\footnotesize\thepage}
|
|||
|
\rfoot[]{}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\DeclareRobustCommand\crfamily{\fontfamily{pcr}\selectfont}
|
|||
|
\def\headingfont{\fontfamily{cmss}\selectfont}
|
|||
|
\def\documentfancyfont{%
|
|||
|
\gdef\headingfont{\crfamily}%
|
|||
|
\fontfamily{ccr}\fontseries{m}\selectfont%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\documentfont{%
|
|||
|
\gdef\headingfont{\fontfamily{cmss}\selectfont}%
|
|||
|
\fontfamily{cmss}\fontseries{m}\selectfont%
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}%
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{pcr}%
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{cmr}% <— funktionieren nicht mit {ptm}
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\bfdefault}{bx}%
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\itdefault}{it}%
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\sldefault}{sl}%
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\scdefault}{sc}%
|
|||
|
\renewcommand{\updefault}{n}%
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\allowdisplaybreaks
|
|||
|
\let\altcleardoublepage\cleardoublepage
|
|||
|
\let\cleardoublepage\clearpage
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\startdocumentlayoutoptions{
|
|||
|
\selectlanguage{ngerman}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parskip}{0.5\baselineskip}
|
|||
|
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
|
|||
|
\kopfzeiledefault
|
|||
|
\documentfont
|
|||
|
\normalsize
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\highlightTerm#1{\emph{#1}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: srclocal/setup-locallayout.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\theunitnamesection{\theshortsection}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: srclocal/setup-localmacros.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% MATHE:
|
|||
|
%% ****************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\cal#1{\mathcal{#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\reell{\mathbb{R}}
|
|||
|
\def\kmplx{\mathbb{C}}
|
|||
|
\def\Torus{\mathbb{T}}
|
|||
|
\def\rtnl{\mathbb{Q}}
|
|||
|
\def\intgr{\mathbb{Z}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\ntrl{\mathbb{N}}
|
|||
|
\def\ntrlpos{\mathbb{N}}
|
|||
|
\def\ntrlzero{\mathbb{N}_{0}}
|
|||
|
\def\reellNonNeg{\reell_{+}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\imageinh{\imath}
|
|||
|
\def\ReTeil{\mathop{\mathfrak{R}\text{\upshape e}}}
|
|||
|
\def\ImTeil{\mathop{\mathfrak{I}\text{\upshape m}}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\leer{\emptyset}
|
|||
|
\def\restr#1{\vert_{#1}}
|
|||
|
\def\ohne{\mathbin{\setminus}}
|
|||
|
\def\Pot{\mathop{\mathcal{P}}}
|
|||
|
\def\einser{\mathbf{1}}
|
|||
|
\def\supp{\mathop{\mathrm{supp}}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\brkt#1{\langle{}#1{}\rangle}
|
|||
|
\def\lsim{\mathop{\sim}}
|
|||
|
\def\lneg{\mathop{\neg}}
|
|||
|
\def\land{\mathop{\wedge}}
|
|||
|
\def\lor{\mathop{\vee}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\eps{\varepsilon}
|
|||
|
\let\altphi\phi
|
|||
|
\let\altvarphi\varphi
|
|||
|
\def\phi{\altvarphi}
|
|||
|
\def\varphi{\altphi}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\vectorspacespan{\mathop{\text{\upshape Lin}}}
|
|||
|
\def\dim{\mathop{\text{\upshape dim}}}
|
|||
|
\def\rank{\mathop{\text{\upshape Rang}}}
|
|||
|
\def\onematrix{\text{\upshape\bfseries I}}
|
|||
|
\def\zeromatrix{\text{\upshape\bfseries 0}}
|
|||
|
\def\zerovector{\text{\upshape\bfseries 0}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\graph{\mathop{\text{\upshape Gph}}}
|
|||
|
\def\domain{\mathop{\text{\upshape dom}}}
|
|||
|
\def\range{\mathop{\text{\upshape Bild}}}
|
|||
|
\def\ker{\mathop{\text{\upshape Kern}}}
|
|||
|
\def\functionspace{\mathop{\text{\upshape Abb}}}
|
|||
|
\def\id{\text{\upshape id}}
|
|||
|
\def\modfn{\mathop{\text{\upshape mod}}}
|
|||
|
\def\divides{\mathbin{\mid}}
|
|||
|
\def\ndivides{\mathbin{\nmid}}
|
|||
|
\def\ggT{\mathop{\text{\upshape ggT}}}
|
|||
|
\def\choose#1#2{\begin{smatrix}#1\\#2\\\end{smatrix}}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\punktschema{
|
|||
|
\footnotesize
|
|||
|
\hraum
|
|||
|
\begin{tabular}[mc]{|p{0.1\textwidth}|p{0.7\textwidth}|}
|
|||
|
\hline
|
|||
|
\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{{\bfseries NOTENSCHEMA}}\\
|
|||
|
Punkte &Beschreibung\\
|
|||
|
\hline
|
|||
|
\hline
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
\def\endpunktschema{
|
|||
|
\hline
|
|||
|
\end{tabular}
|
|||
|
\hraum
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\def\headingTeilaufgabe#1{
|
|||
|
\uwave{{\bfseries\large Aufgabe #1}}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\makeatother
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{document}
|
|||
|
\startdocumentlayoutoptions
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% HAUPTTEXT:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: body/index.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: body/A6.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% AUFGABE 6
|
|||
|
\let\altsectionname\sectionname
|
|||
|
\def\sectionname{Aufgabe}
|
|||
|
\setcounternach{section}{6}
|
|||
|
\section[]{(Klausur${}_{1}$, WiSe 2020/2021)}
|
|||
|
\label{ueb:1:ex:1}
|
|||
|
\let\sectionname\altsectionname
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Es sSei $V\neq\{0\}$ ein Vektorraum über einem Körper, $K$.
|
|||
|
Eine lineare Abbildung ${\phi:V\to V}$ heißt dann \emph{stark kontrahierend},
|
|||
|
wenn $\exists{n\in\ntrlpos:~}\phi^{n}=0(\cdot)$.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: body/A6a.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% AUFGABE 6a
|
|||
|
\headingTeilaufgabe{6a}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{claim*}
|
|||
|
Sei ${\phi:V\to V}$ linear.
|
|||
|
Dann gilt $\phi$ \emph{stark kontrahierend} $\Rightarrow$ $\phi$ nicht invertierbar.
|
|||
|
\end{claim*}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Es gibt hierfür mehrere Ansätze.
|
|||
|
In jedem der u.\,s. Möglichkeiten fixieren wir ein $n\in\ntrlpos$, so dass $\phi^{n}=\zerovector$,
|
|||
|
und wir nehmen an, $\phi$ sei \emph{stark kontrahierend}.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Als möglicherweise einfachtsten Ansätze kann man auf der Ebene von Abbildungen argumentieren.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\setcounternach{enumi}{1}
|
|||
|
\begin{enumerate}{\bfseries {Ansatz} I.}
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
\textbf{Zu zeigen}, $\phi$ sei nicht invertierbar.
|
|||
|
Angenommen, dies sei nicht der Fall.
|
|||
|
Aus \textbf{Lemma 6.3.2} im Skript (siehe insbes. den Beweis dort)
|
|||
|
ist die Menge der invertierbaren lineare Abbildungen
|
|||
|
unter „Multiplikation“ (d.\,h. Komposition) abgeschlossen.
|
|||
|
Darum sind
|
|||
|
$\phi$, $\phi^{2}=\phi\circ\phi$, $\phi^{3}=\phi\circ\phi^{2}$, \ldots\,
|
|||
|
alle invertierbar.
|
|||
|
Insbesondere muss $\phi^{n}(=0(\cdot))$ \fbox{invertierbar} sein.
|
|||
|
Da $V\neq\{\zerovector\}$ ist die $0(\cdot)$-Abbildung \fbox{nicht invertierbar}.
|
|||
|
Widerspuch!
|
|||
|
Also ist $\phi$ nicht invertierbar.
|
|||
|
\enndeOfProof
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
Es reicht aus \textbf{zu zeigen}, dass $\phi$ nicht surjektiv ist.
|
|||
|
Angenommen, dies sei nicht der Fall.
|
|||
|
Aus \textbf{Satz 2.3.6(1)} im Skript (siehe insbes. den Beweis)
|
|||
|
sind surjektive Abbildungen unter Komposition abgeschlossen.
|
|||
|
Darum sind
|
|||
|
$\phi$, $\phi^{2}=\phi\circ\phi$, $\phi^{3}=\phi\circ\phi^{2}$, \ldots\,
|
|||
|
alle surjektiv.
|
|||
|
Insbesondere muss $\phi^{n}$ surjektiv sein.
|
|||
|
Da $\phi^{n}$ linear ist, muss also \fbox{$\range(\phi^{n})=V$} gelten.
|
|||
|
Da $\phi^{n}=0(\cdot)$, gilt aber $\range(\phi^{n})=\{\zerovector\}$.
|
|||
|
Darum muss $V=\{\zerovector\}$ gelten, was der Voraussetzung auf $V$ widerspricht.
|
|||
|
Darum haben wir einen Widerspruch erreicht.
|
|||
|
Also ist $\phi$ nicht surjektiv, w.z.z.w.
|
|||
|
\enndeOfProof
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
Es reicht aus \textbf{zu zeigen}, dass $\phi$ nicht injektiv ist.
|
|||
|
Angenommen, dies sei nicht der Fall.
|
|||
|
Aus \textbf{Satz 2.3.6(1)} im Skript (siehe insbes. den Beweis)
|
|||
|
sind injektive Abbildungen unter Komposition abgeschlossen.
|
|||
|
Darum sind
|
|||
|
$\phi$, $\phi^{2}=\phi\circ\phi$, $\phi^{3}=\phi\circ\phi^{2}$, \ldots\,
|
|||
|
alle injektiv.
|
|||
|
Insbesondere muss $\phi^{n}$ injektiv sein.
|
|||
|
Da $\phi^{n}$ linear ist, muss also \fbox{$\ker(\phi^{n})=\{\zerovector\}$} gelten.
|
|||
|
Da $\phi^{n}=0(\cdot)$, gilt aber $\ker(\phi^{n})=V$ (weil $\phi^{n}(u)=\zerovector$ für alle $u\in V$).
|
|||
|
Darum muss $\{\zerovector\}=V$ gelten, was der Voraussetzung auf $V$ widerspricht.
|
|||
|
Darum haben wir einen Widerspruch erreicht.
|
|||
|
Also ist $\phi$ nicht injektiv, w.z.z.w.
|
|||
|
\enndeOfProof
|
|||
|
\end{enumerate}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Als direkter Ansatz kann man auf der Ebene von Vektoren argumentieren
|
|||
|
und konstruktiv vorgehen.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{enumerate}{\bfseries {Ansatz} I.}
|
|||
|
\setcounternach{enumi}{4}
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
Es reicht aus \textbf{zu zeigen}, dass $\ker(\phi)\neq\{\zerovector\}$, d.\,h. dass $\phi$ nicht injektiv ist.
|
|||
|
Wir zeigen dies direkt.
|
|||
|
Da $V\neq\{\zerovector\}$ existiert ein $v\in V\ohne\{\zerovector\}$.
|
|||
|
Betrachten wir die Elemente:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{mathe}[mc]{ccccc}
|
|||
|
(\zerovector\neq)v=\phi^{0}(v),
|
|||
|
&\phi^{1}(v),
|
|||
|
&\phi^{2}(v),
|
|||
|
&\ldots,
|
|||
|
&\phi^{n}(v)(=\zerovector)\\
|
|||
|
\end{mathe}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Dann existiert ein $k\in\ntrlzero$ mit $1\leq k<n$,
|
|||
|
so dass $\phi^{k}(v)\neq\zerovector$ und $\phi^{k+1}(v)=\zerovector$.
|
|||
|
(Man kann das auch so argumentieren: wähle $k\in\ntrlzero$ maximal mit $\phi^{k}(v)\neq\zerovector$.
|
|||
|
Dann muss $0\leq k<n$ gelten.)
|
|||
|
Setze $u:=\phi^{k}(v)$. Dann per Konstruktion gilt $u\in V\ohne\{\zerovector\}$
|
|||
|
und $\phi(u)=\phi(\phi^{k}(v))=\phi^{k+1}(v)=\zerovector$.
|
|||
|
Also gilt $u\in\ker(u)\ohne\{\zerovector\}$.
|
|||
|
Darum $\ker(\phi)\neq\{\zerovector\}$, w.z.z.w.
|
|||
|
\enndeOfProof
|
|||
|
\end{enumerate}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Am Schönsten kann man mit \emph{Dimension} arbeiten.
|
|||
|
(Auf diese Idee ist ein Studierender gekommen.)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{enumerate}{\bfseries {Ansatz} I.}
|
|||
|
\setcounternach{enumi}{5}
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
\textbf{Zu zeigen:} $\dim(\ker(\phi))>0$.
|
|||
|
(Anhand Elementarkenntnisse wissen wir, dass dies zu $\ker(\phi)\neq\{\zerovector\}$ äquivalent ist,
|
|||
|
was wiederum zu der Nichtinjektivität von $\phi$ äquivalent ist,
|
|||
|
was die Nichtinvertierbarkeit von $\phi$ impliziert.)\\
|
|||
|
\forceindent
|
|||
|
O.\,E. können wir auch annehmen, dass $n$ \uline{minimal} gewählt wird, so dass $\phi^{n}=0(\cdot)$.\\
|
|||
|
\textbf{Fall 1.} $n=1$.
|
|||
|
Dann gilt $\phi=\phi^{1}=0(\cdot)$,
|
|||
|
woraus sich $\ker(\phi)=V$ und $\dim(\ker(\phi))=\dim(V)>0$ ergibt,
|
|||
|
da $V\neq\{\zerovector\}$.\\
|
|||
|
\textbf{Fall 2.} $n>1$.
|
|||
|
Dann gilt $\phi\circ\phi^{n-1}=\phi^{n}=0(\cdot)$,
|
|||
|
woraus sich \fbox{$\range(\phi^{n-1})\subseteq\ker(\phi)$}\textsuperscript{~($\ast$)} ergibt.
|
|||
|
Nun, wegen \uline{Minimalität} von $n$ kann $\phi^{n-1}=0(\cdot)$ \uline{nicht} gelten.
|
|||
|
Es gilt nun
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{mathe}[mc]{rcl}
|
|||
|
\phi^{n-1}\neq 0(\cdot)
|
|||
|
&\Longrightarrow
|
|||
|
&\range(\phi^{n-1})\neq\{\zerovector\}\\
|
|||
|
&\Longrightarrow
|
|||
|
&\dim(\range(\phi^{n-1}))>0\\
|
|||
|
&\Longrightarrow
|
|||
|
&\dim(\ker(\phi))\geq\dim(\range(\phi^{n-1}))>0.\\
|
|||
|
\end{mathe}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
In der letzten Aussage gilt die erste Ungleichung gilt wegen ($\ast$).
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Darum gilt in allen Fällen $\dim(\ker(\phi))>0$, wzzw.
|
|||
|
\enndeOfProof
|
|||
|
\end{enumerate}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{punktschema}
|
|||
|
3 &Argument vollständig (=ausführlich) und logisch gültig.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
2 &Der Ansatz war richtig aber z.\,B.:\\
|
|||
|
&es fehlte an Ausführlichkeit (enthielt jedoch genug von dem nicht trivialen Teil);\\
|
|||
|
&oder die Aufgabe war in (a) falsch, aber versteckteweise in (b) vorhanden (und zwar vollständig+gültig);\\
|
|||
|
&oder er baute z.\,T. auf einem inkorrekt präsentierten Resultat (was dann z.\,B. auf die Ausführlichkeit eine Auswirkung hatte).\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
1 &Ansatz enthielt eine richtige Idee, aber wurde nicht korrekt/ausführlich ausgeführt,
|
|||
|
od. man schließt die (nicht triviale) Lücke zw. Aussage über $\phi^{n}$ und Aussage über $\phi$ nicht\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
0 &sonst.\\
|
|||
|
\end{punktschema}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
{\footnotesize
|
|||
|
\textbf{Bemerkung.}
|
|||
|
Da es sich hier um die Bewertung von Argumentationen handelt,
|
|||
|
kann man in Wirklichkeit hier kein Schema festlegen.
|
|||
|
Stattdessen musste ich über die Qualität ein Urteil treffen.
|
|||
|
In erster Linie kriegt man volle Punkte, wenn man
|
|||
|
vollständig (idealerweise auch ausführlich) + gültig + überzeugend
|
|||
|
argumentierte.
|
|||
|
Ab dann musste ich anhand unterschiedlicher Defizite empirische Graduierungen implementieren.
|
|||
|
Wenn etwas unvollständig oder ungültig war, bekam der Versuch einen Abzug.
|
|||
|
Wenn etwas zu unordentlich oder inkohärent war, wurde meistens auf $0$ Pkt gegeben,
|
|||
|
aber diese wurde verschont, wenn die Argumentation eine richtige Idee enthielt.
|
|||
|
Es gab einen Fall, wo leider ein Denkfehler (ungültiger Schritt) vorlag,
|
|||
|
aber der Ansatz war sonst sauber aufgeschrieben,
|
|||
|
sodass der Versuch mindestens $1$ Pkt verdiente.
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\clearpage
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: body/A6b.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% AUFGABE 6b
|
|||
|
\headingTeilaufgabe{6b}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{claim*}
|
|||
|
Sei ${\phi:V\to V}$ linear und \emph{stark kontrahierend}.
|
|||
|
Sei $v\in V$ mit $v\neq\zerovector$ und $\phi(v)\neq\zerovector$.
|
|||
|
Dann gilt $\ker(\phi)\cap\range(\phi)\neq\{\zerovector\}$.
|
|||
|
\end{claim*}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Beachte, dass (offensichtlich)
|
|||
|
$\zerovector\in\ker(\phi)$
|
|||
|
und
|
|||
|
$\zerovector\in\range(\phi)$
|
|||
|
gelten, sodass $\ker(\phi)\cap\range(\phi)\supseteq\{\zerovector\}$.
|
|||
|
Was wir also eigentlich in dieser Behauptung zeigen, ist
|
|||
|
$\ker(\phi)\cap\range(\phi)\supset\{\zerovector\}$ (strikte Inklusion),
|
|||
|
d.\,h. dass ein Element $u\in V\ohne\{\zerovector\}$ existiert,
|
|||
|
so dass \uline{dasselbe} Element $u$ sowohl in $\ker(\phi)$
|
|||
|
als auch in $\range(\phi)$ liegt.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Es gibt hierfür mehrere Ansätze.
|
|||
|
In jedem der u.\,s. Möglichkeiten fixieren wir ein $n\in\ntrlpos$, so dass $\phi^{n}=\zerovector$,
|
|||
|
und wir nehmen an, $\phi$ sei \emph{stark kontrahierend}.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{enumerate}{\bfseries {Ansatz} I.}
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
\textbf{Zu zeigen:} Es gibt ein Element
|
|||
|
$u\in V\ohne\{\zerovector\}$
|
|||
|
mit $u\in\ker(\phi)$ und $u\in\range(\phi)$.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Um ein solches $u$ zu konstruieren, betrachten wir die Elemente:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{mathe}[mc]{ccccc}
|
|||
|
v=\phi^{0}(v),
|
|||
|
&\phi^{1}(v),
|
|||
|
&\phi^{2}(v),
|
|||
|
&\ldots,
|
|||
|
&\phi^{n}(v)(=\zerovector)\\
|
|||
|
\end{mathe}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Sei $k\in\ntrlzero$ \uline{minimal} mit $\phi^{k}(v)=\zerovector$.
|
|||
|
Da $\phi^{n}(v)=\zerovector$, ist dies wohldefiniert.
|
|||
|
Da
|
|||
|
$\phi^{0}(v)\neq\zerovector$
|
|||
|
und
|
|||
|
$\phi^{1}(v)\neq\zerovector$,
|
|||
|
gilt $k\geq 2$.\\
|
|||
|
\forceindent
|
|||
|
Darum können wir den Vektor, $u:=\phi^{k-1}(v)$ betrachten.
|
|||
|
Wegen \uline{Minimalität} von $k$ gilt $u\neq\zerovector$.
|
|||
|
Da $k\geq 2$, gilt $u=\phi(\phi^{k-2}(v))\in\range(\phi)$.
|
|||
|
Und per Wahl von $k$ gilt $\phi(u)=\phi(\phi^{k-1}(v))=\phi^{k}(v)=\zerovector$,
|
|||
|
sodass $u\in\ker(u)$ gilt.
|
|||
|
Darum haben wir ein passendes Element gefunden,
|
|||
|
und die Behauptung ist bewiesen.
|
|||
|
\enndeOfProof
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
\textbf{Zu zeigen:} $\ker(\phi)\cap\range(\phi)\neq\{\zerovector\}$.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Angenommen, dies sei nicht der Fall.
|
|||
|
Dann
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{mathe}[mc]{rcl}
|
|||
|
\eqtag{$\star$}
|
|||
|
\ker(\phi)\cap\range(\phi) &= &\{\zerovector\}.\\
|
|||
|
\end{mathe}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Sei $k\in\ntrlzero$ \uline{minimal} mit $\phi^{k}(v)=\zerovector$.
|
|||
|
Da $\phi^{n}(v)=\zerovector$, ist dies wohldefiniert
|
|||
|
und per Voraussetzung auf $v$ gilt $k\geq 2$.\\
|
|||
|
\forceindent
|
|||
|
Man betrachte nun $u:=\phi^{k-1}(v)$.
|
|||
|
Wegen \uline{Minimalität} von $k$ gilt $u\neq\zerovector$.
|
|||
|
Da $k\geq 2$, gilt $u=\phi(\phi^{k-2}(v))\in\range(\phi)$.
|
|||
|
Und per Wahl von $k$ gilt $\phi(u)=\phi(\phi^{k-1}(v))=\phi^{k}(v)=\zerovector$,
|
|||
|
sodass $u\in\ker(u)$ gilt.
|
|||
|
Darum
|
|||
|
$%
|
|||
|
u\in\ker(\phi)\cap\range(\phi)%
|
|||
|
\overset{(\star)}{=}\{\zerovector\}%
|
|||
|
$.
|
|||
|
Also $\phi^{k-1}(v)=u=\zerovector$, was ein Widerspruch zur \uline{Minimalität} von $k$ ist.
|
|||
|
Da wir einen Widerspruch erreicht haben,
|
|||
|
gilt doch $\ker(\phi)\cap\range(\phi)\neq\{\zerovector\}$.
|
|||
|
\enndeOfProof
|
|||
|
\end{enumerate}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Beachte, dass diese Ansätze eigentlich äquivalent sind:
|
|||
|
in dem II. Ansatz haben wir das gesuchte Element in I konstruiert.
|
|||
|
Aber die Zielsetzungen sind anders.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{punktschema}
|
|||
|
3 &Argument vollständig (=ausführlich) und logisch gültig.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
2 &Fehlte was Kleines (aber Wichtiges), wie,
|
|||
|
explizit zu sagen/zeigen,
|
|||
|
dass $\phi^{k-1}(v)\in\range(\phi)$
|
|||
|
oder dass $\phi^{k-1}(v)\in\ker(\phi)$ (aber wenn beides fehlten kriegt man natürlich weniger als $2$),
|
|||
|
oder dass $k\geq 2$ (was nötig ist, damit man $\phi^{k-1}(v)=\phi^{k-2}(v)$ schreiben darf).
|
|||
|
Oder man hat mit $k=n-1$ gearbeitet, obwohl das nicht unbedingt stimmt (außer man wählte $n$ minimal für $v$, aber das muss man dann sagen).\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
1,5 &Der Ansatz enthielt eine richtige Idee, aber wurde nicht korrekt oder ausführlich ausgeführt.
|
|||
|
Es lag zumindest vor, dass man ein gemeinsames Element in $\ker(\phi)$ und im $\range(\phi)$
|
|||
|
zeigen musste.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
1 &Der Ansatz enthielt eine richtige Idee, aber wurde nicht korrekt oder ausführlich ausgeführt.
|
|||
|
Unterschied zu 1,5: Entweder fehlte zu viel oder war an Stellen inkohärent.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
0 &sonst.\\
|
|||
|
\end{punktschema}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
{\footnotesize
|
|||
|
\textbf{Bemerkung.} Hier lagen ähnliche Schwierigkeiten vor, ein Schema festzulegen.
|
|||
|
Dafür wandte ich ähnliche Prinzipien an wie in der Bemerkung am Ende von A6a.
|
|||
|
Spezifisch zu dieser Aufgabe konnte ich folgendes Beobachten:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{kompaktitem}
|
|||
|
\item Denkfehler im Ansatz: Viele haben ein Element in $\ker(\phi)$ gesucht,
|
|||
|
dann eins in $\range(\phi)$, aber nicht ein \uline{gemeinsames Element}.
|
|||
|
\item Technische Kleinigkeiten (die jedoch keine Lappalien sind):
|
|||
|
Damit man $\phi^{k-1}(v)$ und $\phi^{k-2}(v)$ überhaupt bilden darf,
|
|||
|
muss man \uline{begründen}, dass $k\geq 1$ bzw. $k\geq 2$.
|
|||
|
Ein sorgfältiger Umgang mit Randfällen und zu prüfen, dass etwas nicht jenseits eines Randes,
|
|||
|
sind allgemein wichtig in allen technischen Bereichen.
|
|||
|
\item Zu unterscheiden dazwischen, wann etwas trivial ist, und wann etwas explizit/ausführlich begründet werden soll.
|
|||
|
\item Man argumentiert für Ergebnisse,
|
|||
|
die schon in anderen Teilaufgaben vorhanden sind.
|
|||
|
Das weist darauf hin,
|
|||
|
dass man sich der Bedeutung der Resultate bzw. der Zusammenhänge nicht bewusst ist.
|
|||
|
Auch wenn eine Prüfung größtenteils sachlich ist,
|
|||
|
ist es generell sinnvoll,
|
|||
|
sich zu überlegen, wie die Teile einer Aufgabe aufeinander aufbauen
|
|||
|
und wie sie konzipiert sind.
|
|||
|
\end{kompaktitem}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\clearpage
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: body/A6c.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% AUFGABE 6c
|
|||
|
\headingTeilaufgabe{6c}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Hier müssen wir für $V=\reell^{2}$ ein ${\phi:V\to V}$,
|
|||
|
so dass $\phi\neq 0(\cdot)$
|
|||
|
und so dass $\phi$ \kurs{stark kontrahierend} ist.
|
|||
|
Äquivalent können wir eine passende
|
|||
|
Matrixdarstellung, $A\in M_{2\times 2}(\reell)$,
|
|||
|
konstruieren.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Hier ein paar Möglichkeiten:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{kompaktitem}
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
$A:=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
1 &-1\\
|
|||
|
1 &-1\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}$.
|
|||
|
Dann ist $A$ offensichtlich ungleich $\zeromatrix$ (die Nullmatrix).
|
|||
|
Und $A^{2}=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
0 &0\\
|
|||
|
0 &0\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}$,
|
|||
|
sodass $A$ (bzw. $\phi_{A}$) auch \kurs{stark kontrahierend} ist.
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
$A:=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
0 &1\\
|
|||
|
0 &0\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}$.
|
|||
|
Dann ist $A$ offensichtlich ungleich $\zeromatrix$.
|
|||
|
Und $A^{2}=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
0 &0\\
|
|||
|
0 &0\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}$,
|
|||
|
sodass $A$ (bzw. $\phi_{A}$) auch \kurs{stark kontrahierend} ist.
|
|||
|
\end{kompaktitem}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Es gibt natürlich viel mehr Möglichkeiten.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{punktschema}
|
|||
|
2 &Konstruktion beide Eigenschaften erfüllt + stark kontrahierend begründet.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
1 &Konstruktion beide Eigenschaften erfüllt, aber unbegründet.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
0 &Konstruktion erfüllt mind. eine der zwei Bedingungen nicht.\\
|
|||
|
\end{punktschema}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\clearpage
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
%% FILE: body/A6d.tex
|
|||
|
%% ********************************************************************************
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
%% AUFGABE 6d
|
|||
|
\headingTeilaufgabe{6d}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Hier müssen wir für $V=\reell^{2}$ ein ${\phi:V\to V}$,
|
|||
|
so dass $\phi$ nicht invertierbar
|
|||
|
und so dass $\phi$ \uline{nicht} \kurs{stark kontrahierend} ist.
|
|||
|
Äquivalent können wir eine passende
|
|||
|
Matrixdarstellung, $A\in M_{2\times 2}(\reell)$,
|
|||
|
konstruieren.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Hier ein paar Möglichkeiten:
|
|||
|
|
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\begin{kompaktitem}
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\item
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$A:=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
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|
1 &1\\
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|
1 &1\\
|
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|
\end{matrix}$.
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|
Da $\rank(A)=1$ ist $A$ nicht invertierbar.
|
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|
(Auch möglich: man weise darauf hin, dass die Spalten in $A$ nicht linear unabhängig sind.)
|
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|
Es gilt nun $A^{2}=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
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|
2 &2\\
|
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|
2 &2\\
|
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|
\end{matrix}=2A$.
|
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|
Darum
|
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|
$A^{3} = A^{2}\cdot A = 2A\cdot A = 2\cdot A^{2} = 2\cdot 2A = 2^{2}A$,
|
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|
usw.
|
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|
Man sieht per Induktion, dass $A^{n}=2^{n}A(\neq 0)$ für alle $n\in\ntrlpos$.
|
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|
Darum ist $A$ (bzw. $\phi_{A}$) \uline{nicht} \kurs{stark kontrahierend}.
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
$A:=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
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|
p &1-p\\
|
|||
|
p &1-p\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}$
|
|||
|
für $p\in[0,1]$.
|
|||
|
Da $\rank(A)=1$ ist $A$ nicht invertierbar.
|
|||
|
(Auch möglich: man weise darauf hin, dass die Spalten in $A$ nicht linear unabhängig sind.)
|
|||
|
Es gilt nun $A^{2}=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
p &1-p\\
|
|||
|
p &1-p\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}=A$.
|
|||
|
Darum
|
|||
|
$A^{3} = A^{2}\cdot A = A\cdot A = A^{2} = A$,
|
|||
|
usw.
|
|||
|
Man sieht per Induktion, dass $A^{n}=A(\neq 0)$ für alle $n\in\ntrlpos$.
|
|||
|
Darum ist $A$ (bzw. $\phi_{A}$) \uline{nicht} \kurs{stark kontrahierend}.
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
$A:=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
1 &0\\
|
|||
|
1 &0\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}$.
|
|||
|
Da $\rank(A)=1$ ist $A$ nicht invertierbar.
|
|||
|
(Auch möglich: berechne Zeilenstufen form und begründe dadurch.)
|
|||
|
Es gilt nun $A^{2}=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
1 &0\\
|
|||
|
1 &0\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}=A$.
|
|||
|
Darum
|
|||
|
$A^{3}=A^{2}\cdot A = A\cdot A = A^{2}=A$,
|
|||
|
usw.
|
|||
|
Man sieht per Induktion, dass $A^{n}=A(\neq 0)$ für alle $n\in\ntrlpos$.
|
|||
|
Darum ist $A$ (bzw. $\phi_{A}$) \uline{nicht} \kurs{stark kontrahierend}.
|
|||
|
\item
|
|||
|
$A:=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
1 &0\\
|
|||
|
0 &0\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}$.
|
|||
|
Da $\rank(A)=1$ ist $A$ nicht invertierbar.
|
|||
|
(Auch möglich: man weise darauf hin, dass die Spalten in $A$ nicht linear unabhängig sind.)
|
|||
|
Es gilt nun $A^{2}=\begin{matrix}{cc}
|
|||
|
1 &0\\
|
|||
|
0 &0\\
|
|||
|
\end{matrix}=A$.
|
|||
|
Darum
|
|||
|
$A^{3}=A^{2}\cdot A = A\cdot A = A^{2}=A$,
|
|||
|
usw.
|
|||
|
Man sieht per Induktion, dass $A^{n}=A(\neq 0)$ für alle $n\in\ntrlpos$.
|
|||
|
Darum ist $A$ (bzw. $\phi_{A}$) \uline{nicht} \kurs{stark kontrahierend}.
|
|||
|
\end{kompaktitem}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Es gibt natürlich viel mehr Möglichkeiten.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{punktschema}
|
|||
|
2 &Konstruktion erfüllt beide Eigenschaften + und 2 Eigenschaften begründet.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
1,5 &Konstruktion erfüllt beide Eigenschaften + und 1 Eigenschaft begründet.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
1 &Konstruktion erfüllt beide Eigenschaften + und 0 Eigenschaft begründet.\\
|
|||
|
\hdashline
|
|||
|
0 &sonst.\\
|
|||
|
\end{punktschema}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
{\footnotesize
|
|||
|
\textbf{Bemerkung.}
|
|||
|
Es gab keine Teilpunkte, wenn $A$ invertierbar war.
|
|||
|
Der Grund hierfür war, dass,
|
|||
|
\emph{auch wenn man die anderen Aufgaben nicht beweisen konnte},
|
|||
|
man aus 6(a) hätte verstehen müssen,
|
|||
|
dass
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{mathe}[mc]{rcl}
|
|||
|
\eqtag{$\star$}
|
|||
|
\text{stark kontrahierend} &\Longrightarrow &\text{nicht invertierbar}\\
|
|||
|
\end{mathe}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
und damit trivialerweise
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{mathe}[mc]{rcl}
|
|||
|
\text{invertierbar} &\Longrightarrow &\text{nicht stark kontrahierend}\\
|
|||
|
\end{mathe}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
gelten. Der Zweck von Aufgabe 6(d) ist zu zeigen,
|
|||
|
dass die Implikation in ($\star$) strikt ist, und dass die Umkehrung von ($\star$):
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\begin{mathe}[mc]{rcl}
|
|||
|
\text{nicht invertierbar} &\Longrightarrow &\text{stark kontrahierend}\\
|
|||
|
\end{mathe}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
nicht gilt. Dies zeigt man, indem man ein $\phi$ findet, die nicht invertierbar
|
|||
|
ist und nicht \emph{stark kontrahierend} ist.
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
\end{document}
|