linalg2020/docs/musterloesung_WiSe_2020_2021_Kl2_A5.tex

%% ********************************************************************************
%% AUTHOR:     Raj Dahya
%% CREATED:    26. März 2020
%% EDITED:     März-April 2020
%% TYPE:       Notizen
%% TITLE:      Musterlösung Klausur2 WiSe 2020/2021, A5
%% DOI:        —
%% DEPARTMENT: Fakultät for Mathematik und Informatik
%% INSTITUTE:  Universität Leipzig
%% ********************************************************************************

%% ********************************************************************************
%% DOCUMENT STRUCTURE:
%% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%%
%%   - root.tex;
%%    |
%%    ---- parameters.tex;
%%    |
%%    ---- srclocal/index.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- src/setup-type.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- src/setup-packages.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- src/setup-parameters.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- src/setup-macros.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- src/setup-environments.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- src/setup-layout.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- srclocal/setup-locallayout.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- srclocal/setup-localmacros.tex;
%%    |
%%    ---- body/index.tex;
%%        |
%%        ---- body/A5.tex;
%%            |
%%            ---- body/A5a.tex;
%%            |
%%            ---- body/A5b.tex;
%%
%% DOCUMENT-RANDOM-SEED: 5637845
%% ********************************************************************************

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: root.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: parameters.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: srclocal/index.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

\makeatletter

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: src/setup-type.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

\documentclass[
    10pt,
    a4paper,
    oneside,
    openright,
    center,
    chapterbib,
    crosshair,
    fleqn,
    headcount,
    headline,
    indent,
    indentfirst=false,
    portrait,
    phonetic,
    oldernstyle,
    onecolumn,
    sfbold,
    upper,
]{scrbook}

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: src/setup-packages.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

\PassOptionsToPackage{T2A,OT1}{fontenc}   % T1,OT1,T2A,OT2
\PassOptionsToPackage{utf8}{inputenc} % utf8
\PassOptionsToPackage{british,english,ngerman,russian}{babel}
\PassOptionsToPackage{
    english,
    ngerman,
    russian,
    capitalise,
}{cleveref}
\PassOptionsToPackage{
    bookmarks=true,
    bookmarksopen=false,
    bookmarksopenlevel=0,
    bookmarkstype=toc,
    colorlinks=false,
    raiselinks=true,
    hyperfigures=true,
}{hyperref}
\PassOptionsToPackage{
    reset,
    left=1in,
    right=1in,
    top=20mm,
    bottom=20mm,
    heightrounded,
}{geometry}
\PassOptionsToPackage{
    framemethod=TikZ,
}{mdframed}
\PassOptionsToPackage{normalem}{ulem}
\PassOptionsToPackage{
    amsmath,
    thmmarks,
}{ntheorem}
\PassOptionsToPackage{table}{xcolor}
\PassOptionsToPackage{
    all,
    color,
    curve,
    frame,
    import,
    knot,
    line,
    movie,
    rotate,
    textures,
    tile,
    tips,
    web,
    xdvi,
}{xy}

\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{ntheorem} % <— muss nach den ams* Packages vorkommen!!
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{bbding}
\usepackage{bbm}
\usepackage{calc}
\usepackage{sectsty}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{footmisc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\usepackage{ifthen}
\usepackage{ifnextok}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{nameref}
\usepackage{nowtoaux}
\usepackage{paralist}
\usepackage{enumerate} %% nach [paralist]
\usepackage{pgf}
\usepackage{arydshln} %% nach [pgf]!
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepackage{proof}
\usepackage{refcount}
\usepackage{relsize}
\usepackage{savesym}
\usepackage{stmaryrd}
\usepackage{subfigure}
\usepackage{yfonts}   %% <— Altgotische Fonts
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{xy}
\usepackage{undertilde}
\usepackage{ulem} %% <– f\"ur besseren \underline-Befehl (\ul)
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{xspace}
\usepackage{xstring}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{cleveref} % must vor hyperref geladen werden.

\pgfplotsset{compat=newest}

\usetikzlibrary{
    angles,
    arrows,
    automata,
    calc,
    decorations,
    decorations.pathmorphing,
    decorations.pathreplacing,
    math,
    positioning,
    patterns,
    quotes,
    snakes,
}

%% \var ≈ alter Befehl
%% \xvar ≈ wie das neue Package \var interpretieren soll.
\savesymbol{Diamond}
\savesymbol{emptyset}
\savesymbol{ggg}
\savesymbol{int}
\savesymbol{lll}
\savesymbol{RectangleBold}
\savesymbol{langle}
\savesymbol{rangle}
\savesymbol{hookrightarrow}
\savesymbol{hookleftarrow}
\savesymbol{Asterisk}
\usepackage{mathabx}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\let\varemptyset=\emptyset
\restoresymbol{x}{Diamond}
\restoresymbol{x}{emptyset}
\restoresymbol{x}{ggg}
\restoresymbol{x}{int}
\restoresymbol{x}{lll}
\restoresymbol{x}{RectangleBold}
\restoresymbol{x}{langle}
\restoresymbol{x}{rangle}
\restoresymbol{x}{hookrightarrow}
\restoresymbol{x}{hookleftarrow}
\restoresymbol{x}{Asterisk}

\ifpdf
    \usepackage{pdfcolmk}
\fi

\usepackage{mdframed}

%% Force-Import aus MnSymbol
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{MnSymbolA}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{MnSymbolA}{m}{n}{
    <-6> MnSymbolA5
    <6-7> MnSymbolA6
    <7-8> MnSymbolA7
    <8-9> MnSymbolA8
    <9-10> MnSymbolA9
    <10-12> MnSymbolA10
    <12-> MnSymbolA12
}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{MnSymbolA}{b}{n}{
    <-6> MnSymbolA-Bold5
    <6-7> MnSymbolA-Bold6
    <7-8> MnSymbolA-Bold7
    <8-9> MnSymbolA-Bold8
    <9-10> MnSymbolA-Bold9
    <10-12> MnSymbolA-Bold10
    <12-> MnSymbolA-Bold12
}{}
\DeclareSymbolFont{MnSyA}{U}{MnSymbolA}{m}{n}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\lcirclearrowright}{\mathrel}{MnSyA}{252}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\lcirclearrowdown}{\mathrel}{MnSyA}{255}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\rcirclearrowleft}{\mathrel}{MnSyA}{250}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\rcirclearrowdown}{\mathrel}{MnSyA}{251}

\DeclareFontFamily{U}{MnSymbolC}{}
\DeclareSymbolFont{MnSyC}{U}{MnSymbolC}{m}{n}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{MnSymbolC}{m}{n}{
    <-6>  MnSymbolC5
    <6-7>  MnSymbolC6
    <7-8>  MnSymbolC7
    <8-9>  MnSymbolC8
    <9-10> MnSymbolC9
    <10-12> MnSymbolC10
    <12->   MnSymbolC12%
}{}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\powerset}{\mathord}{MnSyC}{180}

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: src/setup-parameters.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

\def\boolwahr{true}
\def\boolfalsch{false}
\def\boolleer{}

\let\documenttwosided\boolfalsch
\let\boolinappendix\boolfalsch
\let\boolinmdframed\boolfalsch
\let\eqtagset\boolfalsch
\let\eqtaglabel\boolleer
\let\eqtagsymb\boolleer

\newcount\bufferctr
\newcount\bufferreplace
\newcounter{columnanzahl}

\newlength\rtab
\newlength\gesamtlinkerRand
\newlength\gesamtrechterRand
\newlength\ownspaceabovethm
\newlength\ownspacebelowthm
\setlength{\rtab}{0.025\textwidth}
\setlength{\ownspaceabovethm}{0.5\baselineskip}
\setlength{\ownspacebelowthm}{0.5\baselineskip}
\setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{0pt}
\setlength{\gesamtrechterRand}{0pt}

\def\secnumberingpt{$\cdot$}
\def\secnumberingseppt{.}
\def\subsecnumberingseppt{}
\def\thmnumberingpt{$\cdot$}
\def\thmnumberingseppt{}
\def\thmForceSepPt{.}

\definecolor{leer}{gray}{1}
\definecolor{hellgrau}{gray}{0.85}
\definecolor{dunkelgrau}{gray}{0.5}
\definecolor{maroon}{rgb}{0.6901961,0.1882353,0.3764706}
\definecolor{dunkelgruen}{rgb}{0.015625,0.363281,0.109375}
\definecolor{dunkelrot}{rgb}{0.5450980392,0,0}
\definecolor{dunkelblau}{rgb}{0,0,0.5450980392}
\definecolor{blau}{rgb}{0,0,1}
\definecolor{newresult}{rgb}{0.6,0.6,0.6}
\definecolor{improvedresult}{rgb}{0.9,0.9,0.9}
\definecolor{hervorheben}{rgb}{0,0.9,0.7}
\definecolor{starkesblau}{rgb}{0.1019607843,0.3176470588,0.8156862745}
\definecolor{achtung}{rgb}{1,0.5,0.5}
\definecolor{frage}{rgb}{0.5,1,0.5}
\definecolor{schreibweise}{rgb}{0,0.7,0.9}
\definecolor{axiom}{rgb}{0,0.3,0.3}

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: src/setup-macros.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

%% ****************************************************************
%% TEX:
%% ****************************************************************

\def\let@name#1#2{\expandafter\let\csname #1\expandafter\endcsname\csname #2\endcsname\relax}
\DeclareRobustCommand\crfamily{\fontfamily{ccr}\selectfont}
\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcr}{\crfamily}

\def\nichtzeigen#1{\phantom{#1}}

%% ****************************************************************
%% SPACING:
%% ****************************************************************

\def\ifthenelseleer#1#2#3{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{#2}{#1#3}}
\def\bedingtesspaceexpand#1#2#3{\ifthenelseleer{\csname #1\endcsname}{#3}{#2#3}}
\def\voritemise{\leavevmode\nvraum{1}}
\def\hraum{\null\hfill\null}
\def\vraum{\null\vfill\null}
\def\nvraum{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\nvraum@c}{\nvraum@bes}}
    \def\nvraum@c#1{\vspace*{-#1\baselineskip}}
    \def\nvraum@bes{\vspace*{-\baselineskip}}
\def\erlaubeplatz{\relax\ifmmode\else\@\xspace\fi}
\def\entferneplatz{\relax\ifmmode\else\expandafter\@gobble\fi}
\def\forceindent{\hspace*{20pt}} %% * nötig, damit am Anfang/Ende einer Zeile nicht ignoriert wird

%% ****************************************************************
%% TAGS / BEZEICHNUNGEN / LABELLING:
%% ****************************************************************

\def\send@toaux#1{\@bsphack\protected@write\@auxout{}{\string#1}\@esphack}

%% \rlabel{LABEL}[CTR]{CREF-SHORT}{CREF-LONG}{DISPLAYTEXT}
\def\rlabel#1[#2]#3#4#5{#5\rlabel@aux{#1}[#2]{#3}{#4}{#5}}
    \def\rlabel@aux#1[#2]#3#4#5{%
        \send@toaux{\newlabel{#1}{{\@currentlabel}{\thepage}{{\unexpanded{#5}}}{#2.\csname the#2\endcsname}{}}}\relax%
    }

%% \tag@rawscheme{CREF-SHORT}{CREF-LONG}[CTR]{LEFT-BRKT}{RIGHT-BRKT}    [LABEL]{DISPLAYTEXT}
\def\tag@rawscheme#1#2[#3]#4#5{\@ifnextchar[{\tag@rawscheme@{#1}{#2}[#3]{#4}{#5}}{\tag@rawscheme@{#1}{#2}[#3]{#4}{#5}[*]}}
    \def\tag@rawscheme@#1#2[#3]#4#5[#6]{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\tag@rawscheme@@{#1}{#2}[#3]{#4}{#5}[#6]}{\tag@rawscheme@@{#1}{#2}[#3]{#4}{#5}[#6]{}}}
    \def\tag@rawscheme@@#1#2[#3]#4#5[#6]#7{%
        \ifthenelse{\equal{#6}{*}}{%
            \ifthenelse{\equal{#7}{\boolleer}}{\refstepcounter{#3}#4\csname the#3\endcsname#5}{#4#7#5}%
        }{%
            \refstepcounter{#3}#4%
            \ifthenelse{\equal{#7}{\boolleer}}{\rlabel{#6}[#3]{#1}{#2}{\csname the#3\endcsname}}{\rlabel{#6}[#3]{#1}{#2}{#7}}%
            #5%
        }%
    }
%% \tag@scheme{CREF-SHORT}{CREF-LONG}[CTR]    [LABEL]{DISPLAYTEXT}
\def\tag@scheme#1#2[#3]{\tag@rawscheme{#1}{#2}[#3]{\upshape(}{\upshape)}}

%% \eqtag[LABEL]{DISPLAYTEXT}
\def\eqtag@post#1{\makebox[0pt][r]{#1}}
\def\eqtag@pre{\tag@scheme{Eq}{Equation}[Xe]}
\def\eqtag{\@ifnextchar[{\eqtag@}{\eqtag@[*]}}
    \def\eqtag@[#1]{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\eqtag@@[#1]}{\eqtag@@[#1]{}}}
    \def\eqtag@@[#1]#2{\eqtag@post{\eqtag@pre[#1]{#2}}}

\def\eqcref#1{\text{(\ref{#1})}}
\def\ptcref#1{\ref{#1}}
\def\punktlabel#1{\label{it:#1:\beweislabel}}
\def\punktcref#1{\eqcref{it:#1:\beweislabel}}
\def\crefit#1#2{\cref{#1}~\eqcref{it:#2:#1}}
\def\Crefit#1#2{\Cref{#1}~\eqcref{it:#2:#1}}

%% UNDER/OVERSET BEFEHLE
\def\opfromto[#1]_#2^#3{\underset{#2}{\overset{#3}{#1}}}
\def\textoverset#1#2{\overset{\text{#1}}{#2}}
\def\textunderset#1#2{\underset{#2}{\text{#1}}}
\def\crefoverset#1#2{\textoverset{\cref{#1}}{#2}}
\def\Crefoverset#1#2{\textoverset{\Cref{#1}}{#2}}
\def\crefunderset#1#2{\textunderset{#2}{\cref{#1}}}
\def\Crefunderset#1#2{\textunderset{#2}{\Cref{#1}}}
\def\eqcrefoverset#1#2{\textoverset{\eqcref{#1}}{#2}}
\def\eqcrefunderset#1#2{\textunderset{#2}{\eqcref{#1}}}
\def\mathclap#1{#1}
\def\oberunterset#1{\@ifnextchar^{\oberunterset@oben{#1}}{\oberunterset@unten{#1}}}
    \def\oberunterset@oben#1^#2_#3{\underset{\mathclap{#3}}{\overset{\mathclap{#2}}{#1}}}
    \def\oberunterset@unten#1_#2^#3{\underset{\mathclap{#2}}{\overset{\mathclap{#3}}{#1}}}
    \def\breitunderbrace#1_#2{\underbrace{#1}_{\mathclap{#2}}}
    \def\breitoverbrace#1^#2{\overbrace{#1}^{\mathclap{#2}}}
    \def\breitunderbracket#1_#2{\underbracket{#1}_{\mathclap{#2}}}
    \def\breitoverbracket#1^#2{\overbracket{#1}^{\mathclap{#2}}}

\def\generatenestedsecnumbering#1#2#3{%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname thelong#3\endcsname{%
        \expandafter\csname the#2\endcsname%
        \secnumberingpt%
        \expandafter\csname #1\endcsname{#3}%
    }%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname theshort#3\endcsname{%
        \expandafter\csname #1\endcsname{#3}%
    }%
}
\def\generatenestedthmnumbering#1#2#3{%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname the#3\endcsname{%
        \expandafter\csname the#2\endcsname%
        \thmnumberingpt%
        \expandafter\csname #1\endcsname{#3}%
    }%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname theshort#3\endcsname{%
        \expandafter\csname #1\endcsname{#3}%
    }%
}

%% ****************************************************************
%% ALLG. MACROS:
%% ****************************************************************

\def\+#1{\addtocounter{#1}{1}}
\def\setcounternach#1#2{\setcounter{#1}{#2}\addtocounter{#1}{-1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{${}_{\textup{#1}}$}
\def\rome#1{\overline{\underline{#1}}}
\def\textTODO{\text{[{\large\textcolor{red}{More work needed!}}]}}
\def\hlineEIGENpt{\hdashline[0.5pt/5pt]}
\def\clineEIGENpt#1{\cdashline{#1}[0.5pt/5pt]}

\def\forcepunkt#1{#1\IfEndWith{#1}{.}{}{.}}
\def\lateinabkuerzung#1#2{%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{\emph{#2}\@ifnextchar.{\entferneplatz}{\erlaubeplatz}}
}
\def\deutscheabkuerzung#1#2{%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{{#2}\@ifnextchar.{\entferneplatz}{\erlaubeplatz}}
}

%% ****************************************************************
%% MATHE
%% ****************************************************************

\def\matrix#1{\left(\begin{array}{#1}}
    \def\endmatrix{\end{array}\right)}
\def\smatrix{\left(\begin{smallmatrix}}
    \def\endsmatrix{\end{smallmatrix}\right)}

\def\multiargrekursiverbefehl#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
    \expandafter\gdef\csname#1\endcsname #2##1#4{\csname #1@anfang\endcsname##1#3\egroup}
    \expandafter\def\csname #1@anfang\endcsname##1#3{#5##1\@ifnextchar\egroup{\csname #1@ende\endcsname}{#7\csname #1@mitte\endcsname}}
    \expandafter\def\csname #1@mitte\endcsname##1#3{#6##1\@ifnextchar\egroup{\csname #1@ende\endcsname}{#7\csname #1@mitte\endcsname}}
    \expandafter\def\csname #1@ende\endcsname##1{#8}
}
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{svektor}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{smatrix}}{}{\\}{\\\end{smatrix}}
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{vektor}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{matrix}{c}}{}{\\}{\\\end{matrix}}
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{vektorzeile}{}{,}{;}{}{&}{}{}
\multiargrekursiverbefehl{matlabmatrix}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{smatrix}\vektorzeile}{\vektorzeile}{;\\}{;\end{smatrix}}

\def\cases[#1]#2{\left\{\begin{array}[#1]{#2}}
    \def\endcases{\end{array}\right.}

\def\BeweisRichtung[#1]{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\@BeweisRichtung@c[#1]}{\@BeweisRichtung@bes[#1]}}
    \def\@BeweisRichtung@bes[#1]{{\bfseries(#1).~}}
    \def\@BeweisRichtung@c[#1]#2#3{{\bfseries(#2#1#3).~}}
\def\erzeugeBeweisRichtungBefehle#1#2{
    \expandafter\gdef\csname #1text\endcsname##1##2{\BeweisRichtung[#2]{##1}{##2}}
    \expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{%
        \@ifnextchar\bgroup{\csname #1@\endcsname}{\csname #1text\endcsname{}{}}%
    }
    \expandafter\gdef\csname #1@\endcsname##1##2{%
        \csname #1text\endcsname{\punktcref{##1}}{\punktcref{##2}}%
    }
}
\erzeugeBeweisRichtungBefehle{hinRichtung}{$\Longrightarrow$}
\erzeugeBeweisRichtungBefehle{herRichtung}{$\Longleftarrow$}
\erzeugeBeweisRichtungBefehle{hinherRichtung}{$\Longleftrightarrow$}

\def\cal#1{\mathcal{#1}}
\def\brkt#1{\langle{}#1{}\rangle}
\def\mathfrak#1{\mbox{\usefont{U}{euf}{m}{n}#1}}
\def\kurs#1{\textit{#1}}
\def\rectangleblack{\text{\RectangleBold}}
\def\rectanglewhite{\text{\Rectangle}}
\def\squareblack{\blacksquare}
\def\squarewhite{\Box}

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: src/setup-environments.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

%% **********************************************************************
%% CLEVEREF: ************************************************************

    \def\crefname@full#1#2#3{\crefname{#1}{#2}{#3}\Crefname{#1}{#2}{#3}}
    \crefname@full{chapter}{Kapitel}{Kapitel}
    \crefname@full{section}{Abschnitt}{Abschnitte}
    \crefname@full{figure}{Fig.}{Fig.}
    \crefname@full{subfigure}{Fig.}{Fig.}

    \crefname@full{proof}{Beweis}{Beweise}
    \crefname@full{thm}{Theorem}{Theoreme}
    \crefname@full{satz}{Satz}{Sätze}
    \crefname@full{claim}{Behauptung}{Behauptungen}
    \crefname@full{lemm}{Lemma}{Lemmata}
    \crefname@full{cor}{Korollar}{Korollarien}
    \crefname@full{folg}{Folgerung}{Folgerungen}
    \crefname@full{prop}{Proposition}{Propositionen}
    \crefname@full{defn}{Definition}{Definitionen}
    \crefname@full{conv}{Konvention}{Konventionen}
    \crefname@full{fact}{Fakt}{Fakten}
    \crefname@full{rem}{Bemerkung}{Bemerkungen}
    \crefname@full{qstn}{Frage}{Fragen}
    \crefname@full{e.g.}{Beipsiel}{Beipsiele}

%% ****************************************************************
%% THEOREME:
%% ****************************************************************

    \def\qedEIGEN#1{\@ifnextchar[{\qedEIGEN@c{#1}}{\qedEIGEN@bes{#1}}}%]
    \def\qedEIGEN@bes#1{%
        \bgroup%
        \parfillskip=0pt%            % so \par doesnt push \square to left
        \widowpenalty=10000%         % so we dont break the page before \square
        \displaywidowpenalty=10000%  % ditto
        \finalhyphendemerits=0%      % TeXbook exercise 14.32
        \leavevmode%                 % \nobreak means lines not pages
        \unskip%                     % remove previous space or glue
        \nobreak%                    % don’t break lines
        \hfil%                       % ragged right if we spill over
        \penalty50%                  % discouragement to do so
        \hskip.2em%                  % ensure some space
        \null%                       % anchor following \hfill
        \hfill%                      % push \square to right
        #1%                          % the end-of-proof mark
        \par%
        \egroup%
    }
    \def\qedEIGEN@c#1[#2]{%
        \bgroup%
        \parfillskip=0pt%            % so \par doesnt push \square to left
        \widowpenalty=10000%         % so we dont break the page before \square
        \displaywidowpenalty=10000%  % ditto
        \finalhyphendemerits=0%      % TeXbook exercise 14.32
        \leavevmode%                 % \nobreak means lines not pages
        \unskip%                     % remove previous space or glue
        \nobreak%                    % don’t break lines
        \hfil%                       % ragged right if we spill over
        \penalty50%                  % discouragement to do so
        \hskip.2em%                  % ensure some space
        \null%                       % anchor following \hfill
        \hfill%                      % push \square to right
        {#1~{\smaller\bfseries\upshape (#2)}}%
        \par%
        \egroup%
    }
    \def\qedVARIANT#1#2{
        \expandafter\def\csname ennde#1Sign\endcsname{#2}
        \expandafter\def\csname ennde#1\endcsname{\@ifnextchar[{\qedEIGEN@c{#2}}{\qedEIGEN@bes{#2}}} %]
    }
    \qedVARIANT{OfProof}{$\squareblack$}
    \qedVARIANT{OfWork}{\rectangleblack}
    \qedVARIANT{OfSomething}{$\dashv$}
    \qedVARIANT{OnNeutral}{$\lozenge$} % \lozenge \bigcirc \blacklozenge
    \def\qedsymbol{\enndeOfProofSign}
    \def\proofSymbol{\enndeOfProofSign}

    \def\ra@pretheoremwork{
        \setlength{\theorempreskipamount}{\ownspaceabovethm}
    }
    \def\rathmtransfer#1#2{
        \expandafter\def\csname #2\endcsname{\csname #1\endcsname}
        \expandafter\def\csname end#2\endcsname{\csname end#1\endcsname}
    }

    \def\ranewthm#1#2#3[#4]{
        %% FOR \BEGIN{THM}
        \theoremstyle{\current@theoremstyle}
        \theoremseparator{\current@theoremseparator}
        \theoremprework{\ra@pretheoremwork}
        \@ifundefined{#1@basic}{\newtheorem{#1@basic}[#4]{#2}}{\renewtheorem{#1@basic}[#4]{#2}}
        %% FOR \BEGIN{THM}[...]
        \theoremstyle{\current@theoremstyle}
        \theoremseparator{\thmForceSepPt}
        \theoremprework{\ra@pretheoremwork}
        \@ifundefined{#1@withName}{\newtheorem{#1@withName}[#4]{#2}}{\renewtheorem{#1@withName}[#4]{#2}}
        %% FOR \BEGIN{THM*}
        \theoremstyle{nonumberplain}
        \theoremseparator{\thmForceSepPt}
        \theoremprework{\ra@pretheoremwork}
        \@ifundefined{#1@star@basic}{\newtheorem{#1@star@basic}[Xdisplaynone]{#2}}{\renewtheorem{#1@star@basic}[Xdisplaynone]{#2}}
        %% FOR \BEGIN{THM*}[...]
        \theoremstyle{nonumberplain}
        \theoremseparator{\thmForceSepPt}
        \theoremprework{\ra@pretheoremwork}
        \@ifundefined{#1@star@withName}{\newtheorem{#1@star@withName}[Xdisplaynone]{#2}}{\renewtheorem{#1@star@withName}[Xdisplaynone]{#2}}
        %% GENERATE ENVIRONMENTS:
        \umbauenenv{#1}{#3}[#4]
        \umbauenenv{#1@star}{#3}[Xdisplaynone]
        %% TRANSFER *-DEFINITION
        \rathmtransfer{#1@star}{#1*}
    }

    \def\umbauenenv#1#2[#3]{%
        %% \BEGIN{THM}...
        \expandafter\def\csname #1\endcsname{\relax%
            \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@\endcsname}{\csname #1@\endcsname[*]}%
        }
        %% \BEGIN{THM}[ANFANG]...
        \expandafter\def\csname #1@\endcsname[##1]{\relax%
            \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@@\endcsname[##1]}{\csname #1@@\endcsname[##1][*]}%
        }
        %% \BEGIN{THM}[ANFANG][SCHLUSS]
        \expandafter\def\csname #1@@\endcsname[##1][##2]{%
            \ifx*##1%
                \def\enndeOfBlock{\csname end#1@basic\endcsname}
                \csname #1@basic\endcsname%
            \else%
                \def\enndeOfBlock{\csname end#1@withName\endcsname}
                \csname #1@withName\endcsname[##1]%
            \fi%
            \def\makelabel####1{%
                \gdef\beweislabel{####1}%
                \label{\beweislabel}%
            }%
            \ifx*##2%
                \def\enndeSymbol{\qedEIGEN{#2}}
            \else%
                \def\enndeSymbol{\qedEIGEN{#2}[##2]}
            \fi
        }
        %% \END{THM}
        \expandafter\gdef\csname end#1\endcsname{\enndeSymbol\enndeOfBlock}
    }

    %% NEWTHEOREM EINSTELLUNGSOPTIONEN:
    %% F\"UR \theoremstyle
    %% plain            Emulates original LATEX defin, except uses param \theorem...skipamount.
    %% break            Header followed by line break.
    %% change            Header, Number and Text are interchanged, without a line break.
    %% changebreak        =change, but with a line break after Header.
    %% margin            Number in left margin, without a line break.
    %% marginbreak        =margin, but with a line break after the header.
    %% nonumberplain    =plain, without number.
    %% nonumberbreak    =break, without number.
    %% empty            No number, no name. Only the optional argument is typeset.
    %%    \theoremclass \theoremnumbering
    %%    \theorempreskip \theorempostkip \theoremindent
    %%    \theoremprework \theorempostwork

        \def\current@theoremstyle{plain}
        \def\current@theoremseparator{\thmnumberingseppt}
        \theoremstyle{\current@theoremstyle}
        \theoremseparator{\current@theoremseparator}
        \theoremsymbol{}

    \newtheorem{X}{X}[chapter] % for most theorems
    \newtheorem{Xe}{Xe}[chapter] % for equations
    \newtheorem*{Xdisplaynone}{Xdisplaynone}[chapter] % a dummy counter, that will never be displayed.
    \newtheorem{Xsp}{Xsp}[chapter] % for special theorems
    \generatenestedthmnumbering{arabic}{chapter}{X}
    \generatenestedthmnumbering{arabic}{chapter}{Xe}
    \generatenestedthmnumbering{Roman}{chapter}{Xsp}
    \let\theXsp\theshortXsp

        \theoremheaderfont{\upshape\bfseries}
        \theorembodyfont{\slshape}

    \ranewthm{thm}{Theorem}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{satz}{Satz}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{claim}{Behauptung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{lemm}{Lemma}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{cor}{Korollar}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{folg}{Folgerung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{prop}{Proposition}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]

        \theorembodyfont{\upshape}

    \ranewthm{defn}{Definition}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{conv}{Konvention}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{obs}{Beobachtung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{e.g.}{Beipsiel}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{fact}{Fakt}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{rem}{Bemerkung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{qstn}{Frage}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{exer}{Aufgabe}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]
    \ranewthm{soln}{Lösung}{\enndeOnNeutralSign}[X]

        \theoremheaderfont{\itshape\bfseries}
        \theorembodyfont{\upshape}

    \ranewthm{proof@tmp}{Beweis}{\enndeOfProofSign}[Xdisplaynone]
    \rathmtransfer{proof@tmp*}{proof}

    \def\behauptungbeleg@claim{%
        \iflanguage{british}{Claim}{%
        \iflanguage{english}{Claim}{%
        \iflanguage{ngerman}{Behauptung}{%
        \iflanguage{russian}{Утверждение}{%
        Claim%
        }}}}%
    }
    \def\behauptungbeleg@pf@kurz{%
        \iflanguage{british}{Pf}{%
        \iflanguage{english}{Pf}{%
        \iflanguage{ngerman}{Bew}{%
        \iflanguage{russian}{Доказательство}{%
        Pf%
        }}}}%
    }
    \def\behauptungbeleg{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\behauptungbeleg@c}{\behauptungbeleg@bes}}
            \def\behauptungbeleg@c#1{\item[{\bfseries \behauptungbeleg@claim\erlaubeplatz #1.}]}
            \def\behauptungbeleg@bes{\item[{\bfseries \behauptungbeleg@claim.}]}
        \def\belegbehauptung{\item[{\bfseries\itshape\behauptungbeleg@pf@kurz.}]}

%% ****************************************************************
%% ALTE UMGEBUNGEN:
%% ****************************************************************

    \newcolumntype{\RECHTS}[1]{>{\raggedleft}p{#1}}
    \newcolumntype{\LINKS}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}}
    \newcolumntype{m}{>{$}l<{$}}
    \newcolumntype{C}{>{$}c<{$}}
    \newcolumntype{L}{>{$}l<{$}}
    \newcolumntype{R}{>{$}r<{$}}
    \newcolumntype{0}{@{\hspace{0pt}}}
    \newcolumntype{\LINKSRAND}{@{\hspace{\@totalleftmargin}}}
    \newcolumntype{h}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}}}
    \newcolumntype{i}{>{\itshape}}
    \newcolumntype{t}{@{\hspace{\tabcolsep}}}
    \newcolumntype{q}{@{\hspace{1em}}}
    \newcolumntype{n}{@{\hspace{-\tabcolsep}}}
    \newcolumntype{M}[2]{%
        >{\begin{minipage}{#2}\begin{math}}%
        {#1}%
        <{\end{math}\end{minipage}}%
    }
    \newcolumntype{T}[2]{%
        >{\begin{minipage}{#2}}%
        {#1}%
        <{\end{minipage}}%
    }
    \setlength{\LTpre}{\baselineskip}
    \setlength{\LTpost}{0pt}
    \def\center{\centering}
        \def\endcenter{}

    \def\punkteumgebung@genbefehl#1#2#3{
        \punkteumgebung@genbefehl@{#1}{#2}{#3}{}{}
        \punkteumgebung@genbefehl@{multi#1}{#2}{#3}{
            \setlength{\columnsep}{10pt}%
            \setlength{\columnseprule}{0pt}%
            \begin{multicols}{\thecolumnanzahl}%
        }{\end{multicols}\nvraum{1}}
    }
    \def\punkteumgebung@genbefehl@#1#2#3#4#5{
        \expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{
            \@ifnextchar\bgroup{\csname #1@c\endcsname}{\csname #1@bes\endcsname}
        }%]
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@c\endcsname##1{
                \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@c@\endcsname{##1}}{\csname #1@c@\endcsname{##1}[\z@]}
            }%]
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@c@\endcsname##1[##2]{
                \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@c@@\endcsname{##1}[##2]}{\csname #1@c@@\endcsname{##1}[##2][\z@]}
            }%]
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@c@@\endcsname##1[##2][##3]{
                \let\alterlinkerRand\gesamtlinkerRand
                \let\alterrechterRand\gesamtrechterRand
                \addtolength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{##2}
                \addtolength{\gesamtrechterRand}{##3}
                \advance\linewidth -##2%
                \advance\linewidth -##3%
                \advance\@totalleftmargin ##2%
                \parshape\@ne \@totalleftmargin\linewidth%
                #4
                \begin{#2}[\upshape ##1]%
                    \setlength{\parskip}{0.5\baselineskip}\relax%
                    \setlength{\topsep}{\z@}\relax%
                    \setlength{\partopsep}{\z@}\relax%
                    \setlength{\parsep}{\parskip}\relax%
                    \setlength{\itemsep}{#3}\relax%
                    \setlength{\listparindent}{\z@}\relax%
                    \setlength{\itemindent}{\z@}\relax%
            }
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@bes\endcsname{
                \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@bes@\endcsname}{\csname #1@bes@\endcsname[\z@]}
            }%]
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@bes@\endcsname[##1]{
                \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@bes@@\endcsname[##1]}{\csname #1@bes@@\endcsname[##1][\z@]}
            }%]
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@bes@@\endcsname[##1][##2]{
                \let\alterlinkerRand\gesamtlinkerRand
                \let\alterrechterRand\gesamtrechterRand
                \addtolength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{##1}
                \addtolength{\gesamtrechterRand}{##2}
                \advance\linewidth -##1%
                \advance\linewidth -##2%
                \advance\@totalleftmargin ##1%
                \parshape\@ne \@totalleftmargin\linewidth%
                #4
                \begin{#2}%
                    \setlength{\parskip}{0.5\baselineskip}\relax%
                    \setlength{\topsep}{\z@}\relax%
                    \setlength{\partopsep}{\z@}\relax%
                    \setlength{\parsep}{\parskip}\relax%
                    \setlength{\itemsep}{#3}\relax%
                    \setlength{\listparindent}{\z@}\relax%
                    \setlength{\itemindent}{\z@}\relax%
            }
        \expandafter\gdef\csname end#1\endcsname{%
            \end{#2}#5
            \setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{\alterlinkerRand}
            \setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{\alterrechterRand}
        }
    }

    \def\ritempunkt{{\Large\textbullet}} % \textbullet, $\sqbullet$, $\blacktriangleright$
    \setdefaultitem{\ritempunkt}{\ritempunkt}{\ritempunkt}{\ritempunkt}
    \punkteumgebung@genbefehl{itemise}{compactitem}{\parskip}{}{}
    \punkteumgebung@genbefehl{kompaktitem}{compactitem}{\z@}{}{}
    \punkteumgebung@genbefehl{enumerate}{compactenum}{\parskip}{}{}
    \punkteumgebung@genbefehl{kompaktenum}{compactenum}{\z@}{}{}

    \let\ALTthebibliography\thebibliography
    \renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1]{%
        \begin{ALTthebibliography}{#1}
        \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\bibname}
    }{%
        \end{ALTthebibliography}
    }

%% ****************************************************************
%% NEUE UMGEBUNGEN:
%% ****************************************************************

    \def\matrix#1{\left(\begin{array}[mc]{#1}}
        \def\endmatrix{\end{array}\right)}
    \def\smatrix{\left(\begin{smallmatrix}}
        \def\endsmatrix{\end{smallmatrix}\right)}
    \def\vector{\begin{matrix}{c}}
        \def\endvector{\end{matrix}}
    \def\svector{\begin{smatrix}}
        \def\endsvector{\end{smatrix}}

    \def\multiargrekursiverbefehl#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
        \expandafter\gdef\csname#1\endcsname #2##1#4{\csname #1@anfang\endcsname##1#3\egroup}
        \expandafter\def\csname #1@anfang\endcsname##1#3{#5##1\@ifnextchar\egroup{\csname #1@ende\endcsname}{#7\csname #1@mitte\endcsname}}
        \expandafter\def\csname #1@mitte\endcsname##1#3{#6##1\@ifnextchar\egroup{\csname #1@ende\endcsname}{#7\csname #1@mitte\endcsname}}
        \expandafter\def\csname #1@ende\endcsname##1{#8}
    }
    \multiargrekursiverbefehl{svektor}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{smatrix}}{}{\\}{\\\end{smatrix}}
    \multiargrekursiverbefehl{vektor}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{matrix}{c}}{}{\\}{\\\end{matrix}}
    \multiargrekursiverbefehl{vektorzeile}{}{,}{;}{}{&}{}{}
    \multiargrekursiverbefehl{matlabmatrix}{[}{;}{]}{\begin{smatrix}\vektorzeile}{\vektorzeile}{;\\}{;\end{smatrix}}

    \def\underbracenodisplay#1{%
        \mathop{\vtop{\m@th\ialign{##\crcr
        $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr
        \noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}%
        \upbracefill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits%
    }

    \def\mathe[#1]#2{%
        \ifthenelse{\equal{\boolinmdframed}{\boolwahr}}{}{\begin{escapeeinzug}}
        \noindent%
        \let\eqtagset\boolfalsch
        \let\eqtaglabel\boolleer
        \let\eqtagsymb\boolleer
        \let\alteqtag\eqtag
        \def\eqtag{\@ifnextchar[{\eqtag@loc@}{\eqtag@loc@[*]}}%
        \def\eqtag@loc@[##1]{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\eqtag@loc@@[##1]}{\eqtag@loc@@[##1]{}}}%
        \def\eqtag@loc@@[##1]##2{%
            \gdef\eqtagset{\boolwahr}
            \gdef\eqtaglabel{##1}
            \gdef\eqtagsymb{##2}
        }%
        \def\verticalalign{}%
            \IfBeginWith{#1}{t}{\def\verticalalign{t}}{}%
            \IfBeginWith{#1}{m}{\def\verticalalign{c}}{}%
            \IfBeginWith{#1}{b}{\def\verticalalign{b}}{}%
        \def\horizontalalign{\null\hfill\null}%
            \IfEndWith{#1}{l}{}{\null\hfill\null}%
            \IfEndWith{#1}{r}{\def\horizontalalign{}}{}%
        \begin{math}
        \begin{array}[\verticalalign]{0#2}%
    }
        \def\endmathe{%
            \end{array}
            \end{math}\horizontalalign%
            \let\eqtag\alteqtag
            \ifthenelse{\equal{\eqtagset}{\boolwahr}}{\eqtag[\eqtaglabel]{\eqtagsymb}}{}
            \ifthenelse{\equal{\boolinmdframed}{\boolwahr}}{}{\end{escapeeinzug}}%
        }

    \def\longmathe[#1]#2{\relax
        \let\altarraystretch\arraystretch
        \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.2}\relax
        \begin{longtable}[#1]{\LINKSRAND #2}
    }
        \def\endlongmathe{
            \end{longtable}
            \renewcommand\arraystretch{\altarraystretch}
        }

    \def\einzug{\@ifnextchar[{\indents@}{\indents@[\z@]}}%]
        \def\indents@[#1]{\@ifnextchar[{\indents@@[#1]}{\indents@@[#1][\z@]}}%]
        \def\indents@@[#1][#2]{%
            \begin{list}{}{\relax
                \setlength{\topsep}{\z@}\relax
                \setlength{\partopsep}{\z@}\relax
                \setlength{\parsep}{\parskip}\relax
                \setlength{\listparindent}{\z@}\relax
                \setlength{\itemindent}{\z@}\relax
                \setlength{\leftmargin}{#1}\relax
                \setlength{\rightmargin}{#2}\relax
                \let\alterlinkerRand\gesamtlinkerRand
                \let\alterrechterRand\gesamtrechterRand
                \addtolength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{#1}
                \addtolength{\gesamtrechterRand}{#2}
            }\relax
                \item[]\relax
        }
            \def\endeinzug{%
                \setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{\alterlinkerRand}
                \setlength{\gesamtlinkerRand}{\alterrechterRand}
                \end{list}%
            }

    \def\escapeeinzug{\begin{einzug}[-\gesamtlinkerRand][-\gesamtrechterRand]}
        \def\endescapeeinzug{\end{einzug}}

    \def\programmiercode{
        \modulolinenumbers[1]
        \begin{einzug}[\rtab][\rtab]%
        \begin{linenumbers}%
            \fontfamily{cmtt}\fontseries{m}\fontshape{u}\selectfont%
            \setlength{\parskip}{1\baselineskip}%
            \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}%
    }
        \def\endprogrammiercode{
            \end{linenumbers}
            \end{einzug}
        }

    \def\schattiertebox@genbefehl#1#2#3{
        \expandafter\gdef\csname #1\endcsname{%
            \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@args\endcsname}{\csname #1@args\endcsname[#3]}%]%
        }
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@args\endcsname[##1]{%
                \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@args@l\endcsname[##1]}{\csname #1@args@n\endcsname[##1]}%]%
            }
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@args@l\endcsname[##1][##2]{%
                \@ifnextchar[{\csname #1@args@l@r\endcsname[##1][##2]}{\csname #1@args@l@n\endcsname[##1][##2]}%]%
            }
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@args@n\endcsname[##1]{%
                \let\boolinmdframed\boolwahr
                \begin{mdframed}[#2leftmargin=0,rightmargin=0,outermargin=0,innermargin=0,##1]
            }
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@args@l@n\endcsname[##1][##2]{%
                \let\boolinmdframed\boolwahr
                \begin{mdframed}[#2leftmargin=##2/2,rightmargin=##2/2,outermargin=##2/2,innermargin=##2/2,##1]
            }
            \expandafter\def\csname #1@args@l@r\endcsname[##1][##2][##3]{%
                \let\boolinmdframed\boolwahr
                \begin{mdframed}[#2leftmargin=##2,rightmargin=##3,outermargin=##2,innermargin=##3,##1]
            }
        \expandafter\gdef\csname end#1\endcsname{%
            \end{mdframed}
            \let\boolinmdframed\boolfalsch
        }
    }
        \schattiertebox@genbefehl{schattiertebox}{
            splittopskip=0,%
            splitbottomskip=0,%
            frametitleaboveskip=0,%
            frametitlebelowskip=0,%
            skipabove=1\baselineskip,%
            skipbelow=1\baselineskip,%
            linewidth=2pt,%
            linecolor=black,%
            roundcorner=4pt,%
        }{
            backgroundcolor=leer,%
            nobreak=true,%
        }

        \schattiertebox@genbefehl{schattierteboxdunn}{
            splittopskip=0,%
            splitbottomskip=0,%
            frametitleaboveskip=0,%
            frametitlebelowskip=0,%
            skipabove=1\baselineskip,%
            skipbelow=1\baselineskip,%
            linewidth=1pt,%
            linecolor=black,%
            roundcorner=2pt,%
        }{
            backgroundcolor=leer,%
            nobreak=true,%
        }

        \def\algorithm{\schattiertebox[backgroundcolor=hellgrau,nobreak=false]}
            \def\endalgorithm{\endschattiertebox}

    \def\tikzsetzenode#1{%
        \tikz[remember picture,baseline,overlay]{\node #1;}%
    }
    \def\tikzsetzepfeil#1{%
        \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay,>=latex]%
            \draw #1;%
        \end{tikzpicture}%
    }
    \def\tikzsetzeoverlay#1{%
        \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay,>=latex]%
            #1%
        \end{tikzpicture}%
    }
    \def\tikzsetzekreise[#1]#2#3{%
        \tikzsetzepfeil{%
        [rounded corners,#1]%
            ([shift={(-\tabcolsep,0.75\baselineskip)}]#2)%
            rectangle%
            ([shift={(\tabcolsep,-0.5\baselineskip)}]#3)
        }%
    }

    \tikzset{
        >=stealth,
        auto,
        thick,
        main node/.style={
            circle,draw,font=\sffamily\Large\bfseries,minimum size=0pt
        },
    }

%% ********************************************************************************
%% FILE: src/setup-layout.tex
%% ********************************************************************************

\pagestyle{fancyplain}

\@ifundefined{setcitestyle}{%
    %% do nothing